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levonorgestrel (LCS12 / LCS G04209C / MLS)

✓ Approved

Takeda · PGR · 小分子

什么是 levonorgestrel？

levonorgestrel 是一种小分子，由Takeda研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Surgical Implantation。

药物档案

商品名LCS12, LCS G04209C, MLS
公司Takeda
药物类别小分子
分子靶点PGR
给药途径Surgical Implantation
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Takeda

作用机制

分子靶点

levonorgestrel 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

PGRprogesterone receptor (NR3C3, PR)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

levonorgestrel 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Reproductive system and breast disordersMenstrual disorder✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersHeavy menstrual bleeding✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedCureus2026-09-10

When Ultrasound and Hysterometry Disagree: Challenges in Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System Placement.

Espirito Santo Ana A, Envia Gonçalo G

Insertion of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) may be technically challenging in women with altered uterine anatomy or difficult cervical access. We report the case of a 24-year-old nulligravid woman with obesity and a subdermal contraceptive implant who sought transition to an LNG-IUS. Pre-procedural transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) demonstrated a retroverted uterus with apparently normal uterine dimensions. However, during insertion, hysterometry measured approximately 4 cm, raising concern regarding a reduced uterine cavity and possible perforation risk. The procedure was interrupted. After cervical priming with misoprostol, following insertion was successfully performed. Follow-up TVUS confirmed correct positioning of the device near the uterine fundus. This case highlights the potential discrepancy between anatomical uterine measurements obtained by ultrasound and functional assessment of the uterine cavity during instrumentation in retroflexed uteri and reinforces the importance of individualized contraceptive counseling and procedural caution in the primary care setting.

PMID 42719750
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PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-09-09

Comparative effectiveness of dienogest versus ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel combined oral contraceptive therapy in women with endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain.

Bahar Bushra B, Gupta Neena N, Raghav Alok A, Jahan Uruj U et al.

To compare the clinical effectiveness of combined oral contraceptive pills (levonorgestrel-containing COC) and dienogest in the management of endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain and related symptoms. This prospective observational cohort study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India, between 2023 and 2024. A total of 140 women with clinically and ultrasonographically diagnosed endometriosis-associated pelvic pain completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Participants received either dienogest (2 mg once daily) or a continuous combined oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg and levonorgestrel 0.15 mg for 3 months. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at baseline and during monthly follow-up visits. Longitudinal changes in pain scores and associated symptoms were compared between the treatment groups. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between the groups. The mean age of participants in the OCP and dienogest groups was 31.47 ± 8.90 and 31.08 ± 8.78 years, respectively (p=0.794). Baseline mean VAS scores were 8.55 ± 0.98 and 7.77 ± 0.90 in the OCP and dienogest groups, respectively. A significant reduction in VAS scores was observed in both groups throughout the follow-up period (p<0.001). At 3 months, the mean VAS score decreased to 4.28 ± 1.15 and 5.22 ± 1.66 in the OCP and dienogest groups, respectively (p<0.001). Significant improvement in dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, menstrual irregularities, and chronic pelvic pain was also observed in both groups during follow-up. Both treatments were associated with significant improvement in endometriosis-associated pain, and the OCP group showed greater short-term pain reduction in this cohort, suggesting that the evaluated levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol regimen may represent a conservative treatment option, particularly in resource-limited healthcare settings. Larger multicenter longitudinal studies are warranted to further validate these findings.

PMID 42712360
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PubMedPerspectives on sexual and reproductive health2026-09-07

Bleeding and Cramping in the First 90 Days After Copper or Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device Placement.

Nippita Siripanth S, Modest Anna Merport AM, Westhoff Carolyn L CL, Castaño Paula M PM et al.

We describe bleeding and cramping patterns during the first 90 days after intrauterine device (IUD) placement. This was a planned sub-analysis of a prospective cohort study of IUD users in the United States who initiated the copper T380A (Cu-IUD) or the levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine device (LNG IUD) at any time in the menstrual cycle. Participants rated bleeding and cramping from 1 (no bleeding or cramping) to 4 (heavy bleeding or severe cramping). We included participants providing ≥ 60 days of continuous responses and described overall bleeding/cramping. Of 230 participants enrolled, 137 (60%) met inclusion criteria (Cu-IUD n = 69, 50% and LNG IUD n = 68, 50%). Cu-IUD users reported fewer days with any bleeding (26 days, IQR 18-31) compared with LNG IUD users (38 days, IQR 27-55, p < 0.001). LNG IUD users reported more spotting days (median 31 [IQR 17-41] vs. 13 [IQR 10-20], p < 0.01). Total bleeding/spotting days were similar for each IUD type regardless of placement timing or prior contraceptive method. Median reported cramping days were similar for both IUDs (Cu-IUD 18, IQR 7-29 and LNG IUD 18, IQR 10-38, p = 0.18). Cramping was most common in the week following placement for both IUD types, decreased over the 90-day period, and did not vary by IUD type. LNG IUD users reported more days with any bleeding in the first 90 days after placement overall compared with Cu-IUD users, largely driven by more than twice the number of spotting days. Cramping was most common in the first week following IUD placement and decreased over time. Clinicaltrials.Gov Identifier: NCT01730911.

PMID 42705661
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PubMedInternational journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics2026-09-07

FIGO statement on emergency contraception.

Koch Mikaela M, Kasliwal Asha A, Kiarie James J, Elkholy Nasser N et al.

Emergency contraception remains an essential component of comprehensive contraceptive care and reproductive autonomy. Despite being safe, highly effective, and associated with almost no absolute medical contraindications or age limits, emergency contraception is often underutilized due to systemic barriers, limited access, persistent misconceptions, and inconsistent clinical guidance, provider knowledge gaps, or stigma. This FIGO Committee statement provides an evidence-based overview of the current landscape of emergency contraception, including available methods such as the copper-bearing intrauterine device, levonorgestrel, and ulipristal acetate pills and combined oral contraceptives as well as their mechanisms of action, safety, repeated use, and key implementation challenges. The statement also presents practical recommendations to improve equitable access and uptake, including integrating emergency contraception into routine family planning, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infection care as well as promoting advance provision, strengthening provider education, and supporting advocacy and policy efforts to reduce barriers to access. FIGO calls upon governments, donors, and health professionals to uphold every individual's right to timely access to emergency contraception, affirming this is not only a clinical issue but a matter of reproductive justice.

PMID 42704015
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PubMedInternational journal of surgery case reports2026-09-06

The "Lost" and "Found" IUD: a case of concurrent intrauterine and intraperitoneal devices with delayed recognition.

Alfaraj Ahlam M AM, Al-Darwish Abdullah S AS, Saffaf Mohannad K MK, AlHawassi Sami S

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are widely used and highly effective long-acting reversible contraceptives; however, rare complications such as uterine perforation and device migration may occur. A critical and preventable clinical pitfall is the misinterpretation of missing retrieval strings as spontaneous expulsion, which may lead to reinsertion without imaging confirmation, resulting in dual IUD retention, delayed diagnosis, and potential complications including visceral organ injury. We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with an incidental finding of dual IUDs. Imaging revealed one device within the uterine cavity and a second device that had migrated intraperitoneally. Laparoscopic retrieval was successful, and the postoperative course was uneventful. This case highlights the importance of the systematic evaluation of "missing" IUD strings, including a pelvic examination and radiographic confirmation prior to reinsertion to prevent dual-device scenarios and associated morbidity. Early recognition, prompt imaging, and minimally invasive surgical management are essential for optimal outcomes.

PMID 42699928
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PubMedBiological & pharmaceutical bulletin2026-09-06

Pharmaceutical Quality and Accessibility of Emergency Contraceptive Levonorgestrel Tablets via Personal Importation in Japan.

Nishimura Asako A, Okazaki Miyu M, Kitamura Ayaka A, Kunimoto Momoka M et al.

Levonorgestrel (LNG) tablets are used for emergency contraception and must be taken within 72 h after unprotected intercourse. In Japan, access had historically been restricted, although it has improved with the introduction of over-the-counter LNG tablets. However, barriers such as cost and convenience might still lead some individuals to obtain LNG through personal importation websites. We assessed the accessibility, regulatory compliance, and pharmaceutical quality-specifically, content assay and content uniformity-of LNG products obtained through these unregulated online pathways. We identified nine personal importation websites through a Google search and purchased one LNG product from each site, assessing characteristics such as price, delivery time, packaging method, and insert availability. We evaluated pharmaceutical quality through quantitative analysis and content uniformity testing. Imported LNG tablets were cheaper than those available through official channels (mean: ¥1835/dose in 2022). However, the mean delivery time through personal importation was 19 d, making these products unsuitable for urgent use. Moreover, we observed missing instructions and foreign-language labeling. Quality testing revealed that five of the nine products were out of specification for the United States Pharmacopeia assay, and eight of the nine failed to meet the Japanese Pharmacopoeia XVIII content uniformity criteria. Although recent regulatory changes have allowed LNG tablet purchases from pharmacies without a prescription, structural and regulatory barriers to timely access remain-specifically, prohibitive costs compared to other nations and limited pharmacy access. These barriers potentially lead individuals to rely on personal importation, posing public health concerns. Ensuring equitable and prompt access to emergency contraception through appropriate regulatory frameworks and information is essential.

PMID 42702556
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