Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. · 治疗药物
Extra 是一种治疗药物，由Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Others。
| 商品名 | Extra |
| 公司 | Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
| 给药途径 | Others |
| 状态 | Approved |
Extra 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。
| 治疗领域 | 疾病/病症 | 分期 |
|---|---|---|
| Surgical and medical procedures | Oral appliance application | ✓ Approved |
Sun Man M, Zang Dan D, Chen Jun J
Zhang Yuefei Y, Xue Yufei Y, Zhang Yang Y, Liu Xuefei X et al.
While the Sabatier-based volcano plots guide catalyst design for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER), the purely thermodynamic hydrogen binding energy descriptor fails to capture experimental HER trends accurately due to the omission of kinetic contributions. Herein, we combine the fixed-potential method with our developed continuous proton supply/consumption model to establish an extra kinetic descriptor for metal-based electrodes (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, and their bimetallic alloys) under practical working conditions. The potential of zero charge (PZC) is demonstrated to be the interfacial descriptor, which modulates surface charge density and thereby tunes the kinetic proton enrichment within the EDL. Building on this insight, the PZC is integrated with hydrogen binding energies to establish a new two-dimensional volcano plot for HER. The updated volcano plot derived from the dual descriptors effectively matches the experimental results, which provides an additional guiding parameter for rational catalyst design.
Sommariva Roberto R, Koenig Theodore K TK, Sekiya Takashi T, Badia Alba A et al.
Oceanic and polar regions are critical for global atmospheric processes, but an evaluation of ozone distributions and trends in these regions has been missing. In this assessment, part of the TOAR-II project, we report lower atmosphere ozone concentrations over open oceans and polar regions: with data from ships, buoys, aircraft and ground sites from 1975 to 2023, this is the most comprehensive dataset yet. Ozone trends were determined using Linear Mixed-effects Modelling (LMM). In most regions, trends have been modest since the mid-1970s (<1 nmol mol-1 per decade), positive in the mid-latitudes and tropical regions (with medium-low certainty), negative in the North and Tropical Pacific (with low and high certainty, respectively), increasing in Antarctica and decreasing in the Arctic. Seasonal effects often influence the long-term trends in extra-tropical regions. Five global and one hemispheric models were used to aid the interpretation of the sparse observations. The seasonal cycles are reasonably well reproduced, although models disagree with each other and with the observations on the distribution of ozone, especially in the tropics and in the Arctic. Changes in methane, iodine, shipping emissions, nitrogen oxides emissions, and terrestrial and marine volatile organic compound are likely to be important drivers for ozone over the oceans, although specific attributions are uncertain owing to insufficient data. This article is part of the theme issue 'Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report II'.
Liang Ge G, Cai Xinyu X
Tax-benefit policy acts most directly on whether adults work. We show that the response-threshold rule by which social insects divide labour and the extensive-margin participation curve share one functional form when the private cost of working is additive and log-logistic; an assumed participation elasticity then implies the exponent. The correspondence defines a tax-benefit design problem with three objectives-participation, welfare and fiscal cost-whose exact supported Pareto front we compute, and an eleven-instrument version for single adults and lone parents. It also drives MOEA/D-DoL, a decomposition-based algorithm whose subproblems are served by threshold-driven workers that compare their success with the colony's. By IGD, MOEA/D-DoL beats its MOEA/D-DE core clearly on two of seventeen benchmarks, both used in its design, and on two of nine held-out WFG problems, losing on one benchmark; AR-MOEA, NSGA-III and NSGA-II rank higher on both suites. The schedules that raise participation most at no extra cost lower the guaranteed income and pay an in-work credit financed by a higher tax rate. This direction survives joint calibration draws, a 100% cap on marginal rates and wider instrument ranges, but the tax is cheap partly because hours do not respond, and the gain varies in size.
Moss Hunter G HG, Jensen Jens H JH, Benitez Andreana A
To compare the dependence on b-value of the spherical harmonic powers for the diffusion MRI signal in white matter to theoretical predictions from the stick model of water diffusion within axons. Diffusion MRI data were acquired at 3 T in three healthy adults with 10 b-value shells (b = 1000-10 000 s/mm2) and 64 directions per shell. For every b-value, the signal was expanded in spherical harmonics for all even degrees l up to l = 6, and the harmonic power for each degree was calculated. These were compared in selected white matter regions of interest to the theoretical predictions of the stick model, which depend on just two adjustable parameters: the intra-axonal diffusivity and an amplitude factor for each degree. The intra-axonal diffusivity was estimated independently using triple diffusion encoding MRI, leaving the amplitude factor as the sole fitting parameter. Close agreement between experiment and theory was found for b ≳ 4000 s/mm2, the threshold where extra-axonal water signal is expected to be strongly suppressed, for total cerebral white matter as well as separately within the genu, body, and splenium of the corpus callosum. These findings extend prior studies that either considered only the l = 0 harmonic power or treated the intra-axonal diffusivity as a fitting parameter. In white matter, the b-value dependence of the diffusion MRI signal's even degree spherical harmonic powers up to l = 6 are relatively well-described by the stick model of axons for b ≳ 4000 s/mm2.
Szikszay Tibor M TM, Poehlmann Jakob J, Adamczyk Waclaw M WM, Luedtke Kerstin K et al.
Altered endogenous pain-inhibitory pathways have been proposed as a mechanistic contributor to migraine. However, results from conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigms are inconsistent, potentially reflecting limited assessment of trigeminal nociception and a paucity of data stratified by migraine phase. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the site- and phase-dependence of CPM and somatosensory sensitivity in migraine. In a cross-sectional study, 50 adults with migraine and 50 age-/sex- headache-free controls underwent assessor-blinded, standardized CPM and quantitative sensory testing (QST) at a trigeminal site (V1, forehead) and an extra-trigeminal site (C6, forearm). CPM was calculated as the change in heat pain thresholds measured during a heterotopic ischemic conditioning stimulus relative to baseline. QST captured thermal, pressure and mechanical pain measures, also including mechanical pain sensitivity and allodynia. Repeated-measures ANOVAs tested effects of CPM, site, diagnosis and migraine phase (peri-ictal vs. interictal). A robust inhibitory CPM effect was observed in both migraine and control groups, with no between-group or phase-specific differences across sites (all p > 0.05). Compared with controls and not considering the stimulated region, migraine was associated with lower pressure pain thresholds (p < 0.001) and higher mechanical pain sensitivity (p = 0.001), alongside elevated central sensitization and catastrophizing scores (p < 0.001). Across migraine phases, pain sensitivity measures were largely stable; however, trigeminal mechanical pain sensitivity was selectively higher during the peri-ictal phase (p = 0.017). CPM appears preserved in migraine across phases and anatomical territories, whereas sensory alterations may be modality- and region-specific, supporting a pain sensitivity amplification phenotype rather than a generalized deficit in endogenous inhibition. Patients with migraine could inhibit pain similarly to controls, but they present in general lower pressure and mechanical pain thresholds in contrast to controls and increased mechanical sensitivity on the forehead during the peri-ictal phase. This suggests that migraine involves specific changes in pain processing rather than a general disruption of the descending inhibitory system.
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