hyaluronidase (Amphadase)

Morphological, anatomical, and phytochemical characterization of Sisymbrium altissimum L.: chemical composition, biological activities, and isolation of major constituents.

Tekman Enes E, Aydın Bilge B, Yuca Hafize H, Özbek Hilal H et al.

This study comprehensively evaluated the phytochemical composition and multidimensional biological activities of Sisymbrium altissimum L., a wild edible species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Methanolic extracts obtained from aerial parts, flowers, fruits, and roots were successively fractionated using solvents of increasing polarity, and essential and fatty oils were characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. The essential oil composition showed marked organ-dependent variation, with methallyl cyanide dominating fruit (91.9%) and flower (75.9%) oils, while phenylethyl isothiocyanate (48.7%) was the major constituent in roots. Further phytochemical investigation of the biologically active root hexane extract led to the isolation of β-sitosterol, lauric acid, and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside. Biological activity assays revealed strong α-glucosidase inhibition, particularly in the root hexane extract (87.92%), exceeding the reference drug acarbose (68.49%), whereas α-amylase inhibition was moderate, with the root ethyl acetate fraction exhibiting the highest activity (40.84%). Cholinesterase inhibition assays demonstrated low to moderate acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities depending on the plant part and extract fraction. Hyaluronidase inhibition was notably high, reaching up to 98.70%, whereas moderate collagenase (27.56%) and elastase (23.98%) inhibition and low tyrosinase activity were observed. Antioxidant activity was prominent in ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, with ABTS radical scavenging values approaching those of standard antioxidants. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents correlated with antioxidant capacity, although structural factors also influenced activity. Importantly, all tested extracts and cold-pressed oil exhibited no mutagenic or genotoxic effects in the Ames/Salmonella assay. Overall, these findings provide a comprehensive characterization of S. altissimum and highlight its potential as a source of biologically active natural products.

Polyethylene glycol 35 preserves endothelial barrier integrity by stabilizing the glycocalyx and intercellular junctions.

Folch-Puy Emma E, Llaves-López Andrea A, Barnat-Cabrera Queralt Q, Manso-Álvarez Paula P et al.

Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of numerous inflammatory and ischemic conditions, characterized by increased permeability, disruption of intercellular junctions and endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) degradation. In the present study, we investigated the ability of polyethylene glycol 35 (PEG35) to preserve endothelial barrier integrity in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to inflammatory, thrombotic, hypoxia-mimetic and eGCX-disrupting stimuli. PEG35 mitigated the loss of cellular metabolic activity induced by apoptotic and hypoxia-mimetic stress. Functionally, PEG35 attenuated stimulus-induced increases in FITC-dextran permeability and helped maintain trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) under pro-inflammatory and eGCX-disrupting agents. PEG35 also reduced LDH release and maintained higher TEER values in endothelial cells exposed to plasma collected from pancreas transplant recipients after reperfusion, which contained increased circulating levels of the endothelial glycocalyx component syndecan-1. Mechanistically, PEG35 reduced NFĸB p65 nuclear translocation under thrombin, TNFα, and hyaluronidase stimulation and attenuated inflammatory and endothelial activation-related transcriptional responses. PEG35 also modulated intercellular junction gene expression in a stimulus and target-dependent manner, helped maintain occludin and claudin-5 protein expression under selected injurious conditions, and limited the loss of eGCX-associated syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate staining after enzymatic degradation. Collectively, these findings support a multifactorial endothelial-protective effect of PEG35 involving preservation of endothelial surface layer, maintenance of junctional integrity and attenuation of inflammatory signalling. These results identify PEG35 as a potential vasoprotective candidate for conditions involving acute endothelial barrier injury.

Facial esthetic medicine in dentistry: botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid fillers for smile-face harmonization.

Ballini Andrea A, Lo Muzio Lorenzo L, Giuliano Lucia L, Illuzzi Gaetano G et al.

Orofacial treatment planning is being redefined by the convergence of minimally invasive facial aesthetic medicine and aesthetic dentistry. Specifically, hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers and botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) are being employed more frequently as adjuncts to maximize smile-lip-face harmony. The scope of non-invasive or minimally invasive facial aesthetic medicine for dentists has also been clarified by regulatory changes in Italy, underscoring the importance of competency-based training and organized risk management. The objective is to give a narrative summary of BoNT-A and HA fillers' indications, clinical procedures, integration into dental workflows, and safety concerns in dental practice, with a focus on perioral applications and complication management. In addition to focused searches in Google Scholar and important consensus texts (2000-2025; chosen updates through early 2026), a narrative search was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus. Systematic reviews, clinical trials, and expert consensus statements on face injectables and adverse event management were prioritized. There is evidence to support BoNT-A as a conservative adjunct for gummy smiles caused by hyperfunctional lip elevators, some lower-face dynamic rhytids, and masseter hypertrophy and bruxism-related myofascial pain, providing clinically meaningful reductions in pain, improvements in muscular and joint function, and favorable aesthetic outcomes. HA fillers may be used as a "finishing step" following orthodontic, periodontal, or restorative treatment to enhance lip contour and perioral soft-tissue support. Filler-induced vascular occlusion is the most important safety concern; early detection and prompt hyaluronidase treatment are essential, and ultrasound mapping is becoming more and more recommended for high-risk areas and tailored care. As an orofacial harmonization method, facial aesthetic medicine can be incorporated into modern dentistry as long as indications are conservative, patients are properly chosen and given consent, and clinics are prepared and trained to handle complications. Future studies should establish competency-based training pathways for dental professionals and standardize outcome measurements.

Hyaluronidase: A Call for High-Dosage Formulation in the United States.

Xia Joyce J, Cohen Joel L JL