carbocysteine lysine salt (Fluifort / Pectox Lisina)

Exogenous spermidine (Spd) improves the tolerance to alkaline-salt stress in potato.

Fu Yuying Y, Wang Qianqian Q, Ge Yuwei Y, Liao Huajun H et al.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's fourth most important staple crop, but its production is increasingly threatened by soil salinization, particularly alkaline-salt stress caused by excessive NaHCO3. Although exogenous spermidine (Spd) has been reported to alleviate abiotic stresses in various plants, its physiological and molecular mechanisms in conferring alkaline-salt tolerance in potato remain largely unknown. The results demonstrated that exogenous Spd enhances alkaline-salt tolerance in potato by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and maintaining osmotic balance. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed obvious tissue-specific transcriptional reprogramming in potato under Spd-combined alkaline-salt stress, with 5,968 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in leaves and only 187 in roots. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that Spd mainly regulates plant hormone signal transduction, carbon metabolism and photosynthesis pathways in leaves, as well as ribosome and energy metabolism-related pathways in roots. Three candidate hub genes, StHK4, StbZIP27 and StERF106, were screened from key Spd-responsive modules. Among them, StHK4 exhibited the highest upregulation ( Log2FC = 3.40) and positively mediates the cytokinin-ABA signaling pathway, StbZIP27 functions in bZIP-dependent regulatory pathways to promote osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense, and StERF106 integrates ethylene signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging pathways. These pathways jointly improve membrane stability, maintain osmotic balance and enhance ROS-scavenging capacity, ultimately improving potato tolerance to alkaline-salt stress. This study demonstrates that exogenous Spd enhances alkaline-salt tolerance in potato by modulating multiple physiological processes and transcriptional networks. The screened candidate hub genes (StHK4, StbZIP27, and StERF106) serve as potential pivotal regulators responsible for Spd-induced stress tolerance, providing valuable gene resources and novel mechanistic insights for understanding polyamine-mediated stress adaptation in potato.

New purple sulfur bacteria genomes from Nebraska salt marsh enrichments.

Orta Medellin Maria F MF, Aguirre Zepeda Evelyne Y EY, Gallegos Martinez Genesis G, Kyndt John A JA

Two genomes from a Winogradsky column enrichment from the Nebraska salt marshes were sequenced. The analysis of whole-genome phylogeny and average nucleotide identity comparisons indicated that these belong to species of purple sulfur bacteria, Halochromatium and Ectothiorhodospira marina, that have not been described before.

Progressive salinity drives flavonoid branch reprogramming in Anoectochilus roxburghii.

Huang Huiming H, Bao Wenqing W, Lin Jiangbo J, Hong Jiamin J et al.

Flavonoids play critical roles in plant adaptation to abiotic stress; however, how salt stress modulates metabolic flux distribution within flavonoid branches remains poorly understood, particularly in non-model medicinal plants. Here, we integrated targeted metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to examine flavonoid regulation in Anoectochilus roxburghii under 0, 50, 100, and 200 mmol·L- 1 NaCl. Metabolite profiling showed that salinity reshaped flavonoid composition rather than uniformly increasing flavonoid abundance. A metabolite-derived branch bias index (MI), representing the balance between reductive branch metabolites and flavonol products, increased under salt treatment, peaked at 100 mmol·L- 1 NaCl, and declined at 200 mmol·L- 1, indicating maximal branch bias under moderate stress followed by partial rebalancing under severe stress. Transcriptomic analysis showed induction of upstream phenylpropanoid and flavonoid entry genes, including PAL, 4CL, and CHS, whereas F3H was suppressed and FLS showed no induction. Furthermore, several short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase homologs (IFR-like SDR homologs) were upregulated, and the transcript-derived reductive branch index (EI) increased progressively across the salt gradient. EI was positively associated with MI, although the relationship was not strictly proportional under severe stress (200 mmol·L- 1 NaCl). Proteomic profiling further provided supportive evidence for sustained activation of upstream flavonoid biosynthesis, such as salt-induced accumulation of chalcone synthase (CHS) protein, complementing the transcriptomic and metabolomic datasets. Together, these results indicate that salt stress reorganizes flavonoid metabolism in A. roxburghii through persistent upstream activation and branch-specific regulation, favoring the reductive branch under moderate salinity.

Correction: Overexpression of the tomato SlLEA_2-26 gene enhances the tolerance to drought and salt stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Yan Zhehua Z, Lei Yu Y, Zou Xuan X, Wang Sijie S et al.