bronchitis vaccine

Comparative Real-World Effectiveness of Dupilumab, Mepolizumab, and Benralizumab in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.

Liao Kuang-Ming KM, Huang Sheng-Chi SC, Wu Jheng-Yan JY, Kuo Chia-Yu CY et al.

Dupilumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab have each demonstrated efficacy in placebo-controlled trials for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with type 2 inflammation. However, no head-to-head trials or real-world comparative effectiveness studies have been reported. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of dupilumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab in patients with COPD using propensity score-matched cohort analyses. Retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network. Adults with COPD initiating dupilumab, mepolizumab, or benralizumab between 2022 and 2025 were identified. Biologic-naive new users were included in two pairwise comparisons: dupilumab versus mepolizumab and dupilumab versus benralizumab. Propensity score matching (1:1) balanced baseline characteristics. The primary outcome was COPD exacerbation; secondary outcomes included acute respiratory failure, pneumonia, and bronchitis over 365 days. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Propensity score matching identified 3078 dupilumab-mepolizumab pairs and 2109 dupilumab-benralizumab pairs. Compared with mepolizumab, dupilumab was associated with a numerically lower risk of COPD exacerbation (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57-1.01) and a significantly lower risk of bronchitis (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49-0.98). No significant differences were observed between dupilumab and benralizumab for COPD exacerbation (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.70-1.40), acute respiratory failure, pneumonia, or bronchitis. In this large real-world cohort study, no statistically significant difference in COPD exacerbation risk was observed between dupilumab and mepolizumab or between dupilumab and benralizumab. However, blood eosinophil counts and baseline lung function measurements were not available in the dataset, so residual confounding cannot be excluded.

First mRNA Cancer Vaccine Succeeds in Phase III Trial.

Adding the mRNA-based individualized neoantigen vaccine intismeran autogene to the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab following surgery for melanoma reduced the risk of disease recurrence or death by 42%, according to the results of the phase III INTerpath-0001 trial. The data were presented at the ESMO Congress 2026, held October 23-27, in Madrid, Spain.

Morphological, anatomical, and phytochemical characterization of Sisymbrium altissimum L.: chemical composition, biological activities, and isolation of major constituents.

Tekman Enes E, Aydın Bilge B, Yuca Hafize H, Özbek Hilal H et al.

This study comprehensively evaluated the phytochemical composition and multidimensional biological activities of Sisymbrium altissimum L., a wild edible species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Methanolic extracts obtained from aerial parts, flowers, fruits, and roots were successively fractionated using solvents of increasing polarity, and essential and fatty oils were characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. The essential oil composition showed marked organ-dependent variation, with methallyl cyanide dominating fruit (91.9%) and flower (75.9%) oils, while phenylethyl isothiocyanate (48.7%) was the major constituent in roots. Further phytochemical investigation of the biologically active root hexane extract led to the isolation of β-sitosterol, lauric acid, and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside. Biological activity assays revealed strong α-glucosidase inhibition, particularly in the root hexane extract (87.92%), exceeding the reference drug acarbose (68.49%), whereas α-amylase inhibition was moderate, with the root ethyl acetate fraction exhibiting the highest activity (40.84%). Cholinesterase inhibition assays demonstrated low to moderate acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities depending on the plant part and extract fraction. Hyaluronidase inhibition was notably high, reaching up to 98.70%, whereas moderate collagenase (27.56%) and elastase (23.98%) inhibition and low tyrosinase activity were observed. Antioxidant activity was prominent in ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, with ABTS radical scavenging values approaching those of standard antioxidants. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents correlated with antioxidant capacity, although structural factors also influenced activity. Importantly, all tested extracts and cold-pressed oil exhibited no mutagenic or genotoxic effects in the Ames/Salmonella assay. Overall, these findings provide a comprehensive characterization of S. altissimum and highlight its potential as a source of biologically active natural products.

Rethinking the Gut-Bone Axis: Diet, the Gut Ecosystem, and Skeletal Health.

McCabe Laura R LR

The gut-bone field has expanded beyond its initial focus on the gut microbiota to include microbial metabolism, epithelial barrier integrity, immune and endocrine signaling, and host-microbial interactions. This review uses a functional gut ecosystem framework to integrate these mechanisms and examine how diet and other exposures influence skeletal health. No consistent microbial signature of osteoporosis has emerged across populations or experimental models. Instead, recent studies indicate that skeletal responses are associated with functional outputs of the gut ecosystem, including nutrient bioavailability, microbial co-metabolic products, barrier integrity, and host sensing. Gut-derived signals may act directly on bone or be further processed by the host. Diverse interventions, including whole foods, probiotics, postbiotics, and targeted therapies, can converge on these functions. Bone responds to the integrated biological signals generated by the gut ecosystem rather than microbial composition alone. Defining these functions and individual responder phenotypes may provide new approaches for preserving skeletal health.