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nevirapine (nevirapine ER / nevirapine XR / nevirapine, XR)

✓ Approved

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH · · 小分子

什么是 nevirapine？

nevirapine 是一种小分子，由Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)。

药物档案

商品名nevirapine ER, nevirapine XR, nevirapine, XR
公司Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
药物类别小分子
给药途径Oral (PO)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH

作用机制

分子靶点

nevirapine 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

gag-pol, HIV-1 (gag-pol)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

nevirapine 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Infections and infestationsAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-26

Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for Oral Probiotic Delivery: Balancing Protection and Site-Specific Release.

Jung Sungwon S, Noh Sookyung S, Lee Hyeonseung H, Park Sohyeon S

Successful oral probiotic delivery requires protection of viable cells during gastrointestinal transit followed by efficient release at the target intestinal site. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels can provide both functions, although network properties that restrict acid, bile, and enzyme transport may also delay the structural changes required for release. This review discusses how crosslink density, particle geometry, the internal microenvironment, and interfacial layers shape this protection-release relationship. pH-, enzyme/microbiota-, redox-, and multi-stimuli-responsive systems are compared with emphasis on the structural changes that allow bacterial escape. Because probiotic cells are much larger than the molecular mesh of most hydrogels, release generally requires network opening through swelling, formation or enlargement of cell-scale pores or defects, erosion, fracture, de-crosslinking, or dissolution rather than ordinary molecular diffusion. Delivery performance should therefore be evaluated using release kinetics, viability of released cells, retained cells, and total viable recovery in sequential gastrointestinal models. Strain-specific testing, storage studies, and in vivo validation will also be important. The practical goal is a reproducible protection-release window that maintains cell viability without delaying release.

PMID 42929896
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PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-26

Temperature-Responsive Antheraea pernyi Silk Fibroin/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Controlled Protein Drug Delivery.

Wang Boxiang B, Xu Hangdan H, Huang Hong H, Xie Jinyang J et al.

Temperature-responsive hydrogels provide hydrated matrices for regulating protein release near physiological temperature. Building on a previously developed p(ASF-AGE-NIPAAm) hydrogel platform, this study evaluated five formulations with ASF-AGE feed contents of 10.0-57.1 wt% as protein delivery carriers. The hydrogels exhibited lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of 31.8-33.0 °C and reversible swelling-deswelling transitions during cyclic temperature switching between 20 and 40 °C. Increasing the ASF-AGE content decreased the equilibrium swelling ratio from 17.3 to 10.6 g/g, while the bovine serum albumin (BSA) encapsulation efficiency varied between 73.5% and 76.8% and the drug loading capacity decreased from 452.6 to 380.2 mg/g. BSA release was evaluated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and depended on both temperature and formulation: the apparent cumulative release at the end of the observation period ranged from 37.6% to 54.1% at 20 °C and from 38.4% to 61.2% at 37 °C. Release was higher at 37 °C, coinciding with thermally induced network contraction, and ASF-rich formulations generally released less BSA. These Results define a composition-property-release relationship for p(ASF-AGE-NIPAAm) hydrogels and show that the ASF content can be adjusted to balance protein loading against temperature-responsive release.

PMID 42929921
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PubMedBiotech (Basel (Switzerland))2026-10-26

Pharmaceutical Residues in Human Urine from Patients Under Antiretroviral Regimens and Self-Reported Healthy Individuals Before and After Three Months' Storage: Implication for Agricultural Reuse in Pretoria, South Africa.

Lizbelt Mugivhisa Liziwe ML, Faith Baloyi Khanyi BK, Oladeji Oluwaseun Mary OM, Olatunji Olatunde Stephen OS et al.

Background/Objectives: Pharmaceutical residues in human urine have raised serious concerns about the safe reuse of urine in agriculture. The current study investigates and compares the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in urine samples collected from male patients undergoing active antiretroviral regimens and self-reported "healthy individuals" at a government hospital in Pretoria, South Africa, and determines how the residues changed during three months of ambient storage, which is the usual recommendation before use in agriculture. Methods: The urine samples were collected in a plastic bottle to prevent fecal contamination, and 15 targeted compounds were analyzed using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The linearity ranged from 0.9910 to 0.9999, 75.5% to 99.1% for recovery, and intra-day and inter-day precision were below 6%. The urine from each group was collected into one pooled sample and then analyzed both pre- and post-storage. Results: Thirteen pharmaceuticals were detected in urine from patients on regular medication before storage; in "healthy individuals", detections rose from eight to twelve after storage. Concentrations in the composite samples after storage were higher for some of the compounds but lower for others, including caffeine, nevirapine, prednisolone and 17α-ethinylestradiol. Metformin was highest overall at 1186.25 µg/L and remained at 806.68 µg/L after storage. The highest concentration for all the pharmaceuticals was reported for metformin, with a value of 1186.25 µg/L, occurring in the group of patients on a regular regimen. There could be a possibility that the rise can be attributed to the hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites during storage; however, no analysis of conjugates was carried out. Conclusions: This study shows the need for appropriate treatment of human urine prior to its reuse as fertilizer and echoes the importance of further research into human exposure pathways and effective pharmaceutical removal strategies.

PMID 42930069
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PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-26

Bioinspired Suction-Cup Architecture Modulates Hydration and Pomegranate-Extract Release from NVP/HEMA/CMC Hydrogels.

Chiaoprakobkij Nadda N, Chansiriwat Wasipim W, Wisanwattana Wisanee W, Waranuch Neti N et al.

Surface architecture may tune hydrogel transport without changing formulation. Flat and suction-cup N-vinylpyrrolidone/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/carboxymethyl cellulose (NVP/HEMA/CMC) hydrogels prepared from the same nominal formulation were compared for hydration, equilibrium water content, pomegranate-extract uptake, and 60 min release. Suction-cup hydrogels showed greater short-term swelling (38.7 ± 0.7%) than flat hydrogels (31.4 ± 0.6%), a 23.1% increase, while equilibrium water contents remained similar. Apparent extract uptake, estimated from loading-solution depletion, was 20.45 and 15.74 mg/g hydrated hydrogel for suction-cup and flat formats, respectively. After 60 min, cumulative apparent pomegranate-extract-equivalent release was 6.976 ± 0.681 and 4.208 ± 0.354 mg, respectively, representing a 65.8% increase. These values corresponded to approximately 17.6% and 15.2% of estimated initial loadings. Indirect-extract testing showed minimum viabilities of 86.24% for HaCaT cells and 71.01% for human dermal fibroblasts, exceeding the 70% ISO 10993-5 criterion. Overall, suction-cup architecture increased early swelling, estimated uptake, and cumulative release without altering formulation. Although the individual contributions of surface area, local thickness, liquid retention, and diffusion paths could not be separated, the results demonstrate that architectural modification can enhance early hydration and extract uptake and release while preserving the hydrogel formulation.

PMID 42929895
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PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-26

Hydrogel-Based Delivery Systems for Targeted Probiotic Release and Colonization: From Design Principles to Health Outcomes.

Yan Wenjia W, Shi Haichuan H, Wang Hao H, Xu Shanshan S et al.

Probiotics exert profound health benefits via the modulation of the intestinal microbiota. However, the efficacy of orally administered probiotics is severely constrained by a cascade of physiological barriers, including gastric acid inactivation, suboptimal intestinal release, and inadequate mucosal colonization. In response to these challenges, hydrogel-based delivery platforms have garnered considerable interest as versatile carriers capable of providing protective encapsulation, enabling spatiotemporally controlled release, and augmenting intestinal retention. This narrative review presents recent progress in the design and application of hydrogel-based oral delivery systems tailored for targeted probiotic release and effective colonization. First, the key gastrointestinal obstacles to successful probiotic delivery are delineated. Hydrogel design parameters are then critically appraised, with particular emphasis on material selection and network design. The underlying release mechanisms are subsequently examined. These encompass pH-responsive, enzyme-triggered, and inflammation-responsive modalities. Emerging colonization-enhancing strategies are discussed in detail. These include mucoadhesive hydrogel architectures and the nascent paradigm of "living hydrogels" functioning as dynamic bioreactors. The translational potential of these systems for health management is illustrated through applications in inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and gut-brain axis modulation. Finally, key challenges in manufacturing, viability, and translational feasibility are evaluated. These include regulatory, safety, and encapsulation-related constraints. To address these, multi-responsive platforms, machine learning-assisted design, and synbiotic hydrogels are proposed. These hydrogels synergize with probiotics to target dysbiosis and repair mucosal damage for improved gastrointestinal health management.

PMID 42929947
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PubMedBiosensors2026-10-26

Diene-Extended Chalcones Enable Red Fluorescence Detection of Human Serum Albumin Through FA1 Binding.

Corbin Brian B, Mason Jessica J, Houglan Paityn P, Murphey Amanda A et al.

Fluorescent molecular probes for selective and real-time detection of human serum albumin (HSA) protein in urine and blood have important applications in clinical diagnostics for various diseases. The majority of known fluorescent HSA probes give emission in the blue-green spectral region where biological autofluorescence could interfere with the detection. In this study, a series of chalcones with extended conjugation are shown to give red-emission with a large Stokes shift (λabs ≈ 430-445 nm, λem ≈ 620-640 nm), and low fluorescence in H2O. Upon addition of HSA protein, the fluorescence of these chalcones is shown to increase significantly, by as high as 30-fold. Potential site-selective binding to HSA has been examined by competitive displacement experiments using various known site-selective drugs. In conjunction with molecular docking experiments, the study further indicates that the chalcones could selectively enter the FA1 (Fatty Acid site 1) binding pocket (Drug Site III).

PMID 42930080
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