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testosterone (Fortigel / Tostrex / Fortesta)

✓ Approved

Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd. · AR · 类固醇

什么是 testosterone？

testosterone 是一种类固醇，由Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Topical、Transdermal。

药物档案

商品名Fortigel, Tostrex, Fortesta
公司Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.
药物类别类固醇, 小分子
分子靶点AR
给药途径Topical, Transdermal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.

作用机制

分子靶点

testosterone 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

testosterone 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 2 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersFemale sexual dysfunctionPreclinical

相关研究文献

PubMedJournal of molecular histology2026-09-10

4-Phenylbutyric acid alleviates acrylamide-induced sexual behavioral deficits and testicular damage in male Wistar rats: modulation of ER-stress associated signaling.

Singh Jiten J, Rani Ankita A, Yadav Rachna R, Quasmi Mohammed Nazish MN et al.

Acrylamide (ACR) is an industrial chemical utilized to produce polyacrylamide, a primary flocculant for wastewater treatment. ACR is also classified as a food process contaminant that forms as a byproduct during the processing of carbohydrate-rich foods at high temperatures (> 120 °C). Recent studies show that ACR induces reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and skin irritation through mechanisms including oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Despite increasing evidence, ACR-induced testicular damage and its mechanisms remain poorly understood, highlighting the requirement for further investigation. In this study, we aimed to find the ameliorative effect of 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) on the ACR-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Thirty-two adult male rats were randomly grouped, each containing eight rats: vehicle control group (10 ml/kg of saline; p.o.), ACR group (10 mg/kg of ACR: p.o.), ACR + 4-PBA low dose group (ACR + 4-PBA-500 mg/kg; p.o.), and ACR + 4-PBA high dose group (ACR + 4-PBA-1000 mg/kg; p.o.). ACR was administered for 28 days, while 4-PBA treatment was started on day 15 and continued until day 28. Our findings revealed marked alterations in sexual behavior, as evident by intromission latency, frequency, and ejaculation latency & frequency. Further, ACR exposure elicited significant oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the testicular tissue. Epididymal sperm count and serum testosterone level were also reduced in ACR-exposed rats. Correlation analysis further supported a close relationship between impaired reproductive performance, oxidative stress, ER stress activation, and testicular structural damage. However, 4-PBA treatment during the last 14 days of treatment significantly improved sexual performance, reversed the decreased testosterone level and sperm count, and restored testicular histopathological damage. Furthermore, these ameliorative effects were accompanied by reduced expression of GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12, suggesting that modulation of ER stress-associated signaling may contribute to the therapeutic effects of 4-PBA.

PMID 42717142
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PubMedJACC. Case reports2026-09-10

Fall of the Titans: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in a Patient With a TTN Truncating Variant.

Rehman Mueez M, Elkurdi Rawan R, Wilson Zachary T ZT, Gopalan Radha R

The use of nonprescription anabolic-androgenic steroids in bodybuilding is a growing concern due to the potential of severe cardiovascular side effects. A 35-year-old man presented with acute dyspnea. Echocardiogram revealed heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction of 25%. The patient had been abusing exogenous testosterone and aromatase inhibitors over the past year but denied long-term use of these agents. Given his young age, family history, and short period of anabolic-androgenic steroid use, genetic testing was performed to evaluate for possible explanations of his severe heart failure. A pathogenic titan truncating variant was identified explaining his dilated cardiomyopathy. This case underscores the potential cardiac risks associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use and highlights the importance of genetic testing in unexplained cardiomyopathy. Early recognition and prompt initiation of guideline-directed medical therapy can help prevent further deterioration and inform risk stratification and long-term management. This case highlights potential cardiovascular risk associated with supraphysiologic AAS exposure, particularly in the presence of an underlying genetic predisposition. Clinicians should consider toxin exposure and genetic predisposition in patients with unexplained cardiomyopathy.

PMID 42720652
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PubMedmBio2026-09-10

Sex and age differences in antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccination are mediated by estrogenic upregulation of NF-κB and TNF signaling in B cells.

Park Han-Sol H-S, Yin Anna A, Zhou Weiqiang W, Wenstedt Eliane F E EFE et al.

Sex differences in the humoral immune responses to the seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) in young adults (YA; 18-49 years old) or high-dose QIV in old adults (OA; 75+ years old) were analyzed to determine how age-related changes, including in steroids, impact sex differences in B cells. Among YAs, females had greater H3N2, but not H1N1, neutralizing antibody titers, and greater proportions of hemagglutinin (HA)+ CD19+ B cells and HA+ memory B cells than males through 28 days post-vaccination (DPV), that was not observed among OAs. Machine learning algorithms illustrated that baseline (0 DPV) steroids, including 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estrogens, and testosterone, as well as HA+ CD19+ B cells and HA+ antibody-secreting B cells (ASCs), were major predictors of seroconversion at 28 DPV, particularly in YA. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that CD19+ B cells from YA females had greater transcriptional activity at 7 DPV than YA males, with upregulation of genes with estrogen-response elements (EREs) along NF-κB-mediated TNF signaling pathways in B-cell subsets, which was mitigated in OA. Estradiol treatment of ASCs from YA females, but not males, increased the number and size of HA+ IgG+ cells and expression of ERE genes along the NF-κB-mediated TNF signaling pathway,that was inhibited by an estrogen receptor antagonist. Pharmacological inhibition of either NF-κB or TNF signaling blocked the ability of E2 to upregulate antibody secretion in cells from YA females. This study provides mechanistic insights into estrogen-mediated increases in influenza vaccine-induced antibody responses among reproductive-aged females and suggests a role for estrogen signaling in the reduction of sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity with old age. Sex differences in influenza vaccine-induced immune responses become less pronounced with old age, which we hypothesize could be related to changes in circulating gonadal steroids. Our study shows that after receipt of the seasonal influenza vaccine, young adult females, who have elevated estrogenic activity, have more B cells that recognize influenza hemagglutinin; their B cells have greater activity along estrogen signaling and inflammatory pathways, and mount stronger antibody responses than young adult males, with these sex differences being mitigated in old adults. We identify estrogen as a key driver of sex differences in influenza immunity by showing that ex vivo estradiol increases antibody production by B cells through the estrogen receptor and engagement with NF-κB. These findings help explain the biological basis for sex differences in vaccine immunity and suggest that the hormonal environment, not just chronological age, shapes how well a person responds to vaccination.

PMID 42720319
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PubMedInternational journal of food sciences and nutrition2026-09-09

Associations of dietary proteins with serum total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in middle-aged men.

Wynne-Ellis Miika M MM, Virtanen Heli E K HEK, Bertone-Johnson Elizabeth E, Hantunen Sari S et al.

Evidence linking dietary protein intake with testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is limited. We examined these associations in 2,546 Finnish men aged 42-60 years using 4-day food records and multivariable-adjusted models. Higher total and animal protein intakes and a higher animal-to-plant protein ratio were associated with lower total testosterone and SHBG, whereas plant protein intake was positively associated with both. In the highest versus lowest animal protein quartile, total testosterone was 1.2 nmol/L lower (95% CI: 0.37-2.03) and SHBG 3.0 nmol/L lower (95% CI: 1.34-4.66). In the highest versus lowest plant protein quartile, total testosterone was 1.1 nmol/L higher (95% CI: 0.34, 1.93) and SHBG 3.0 nmol/L higher (95% CI: 1.06, 4.94). Free testosterone was inversely associated with the animal-to-plant protein ratio and positively with non-grain plant protein. These cross-sectional findings suggest opposite associations of animal and plant protein intakes with total testosterone and SHBG.

PMID 42714417
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PubMedTheriogenology2026-09-09

Repeated systemic β-NGF administration improves ejaculate characteristics in rams.

Meilán Javier J, Salomone Federica F, Castillo Sebastián S, Ratto Marcelo M et al.

β-Nerve growth factor (β-NGF) influences reproductive function in several mammalian species, but the effects of repeated systemic administration on ram ejaculate traits are unknown. We evaluated the effects of four intramuscular administrations of 1 mg β-NGF purified from llama seminal plasma, given at 5-day intervals during the transition from the non-breeding to the breeding season, in adult Corriedale rams. Rams were assigned to a β-NGF-treated group or an untreated control group (n = 9/group). Semen was collected repeatedly from before treatment until Day 58, and evaluated scrotal circumference, serum testosterone, ejaculate traits, sperm motility, morphology, membrane functionality, and sperm kinematics were evaluated. β-NGF enhanced the temporal profiles of ejaculate volume and total sperm per ejaculate. Treated rams had a greater total number of sperm per ejaculate on 18, 30, and 37 days after beginning the treatment, and a greater ejaculate volume on day 37. Treatments did not affect the percentages of motile, morphologically normal, and HOST-positive sperm. Circulating testosterone concentrations and scrotal circumference were also unaffected. Thus, repeated systemic β-NGF administration transiently increased total sperm per ejaculate at specific post-treatment times without detectable changes in the evaluated indicators of sperm quality. The mechanisms underlying this response and its consequences for semen preservation and fertility remain to be determined.

PMID 42715833
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PubMedEpidemiology and psychiatric sciences2026-09-09

Adolescent depression as a systemic multimorbidity catalyst: integrated genetic and metabolic pathway analysis.

Wei Wenming W, Cheng Bolun B, Qi Xin X, He Dan D et al.

Although adolescent depression has been linked to individual chronic conditions, its broader role in shaping multimorbidity risk remains understudied. A total of 87,562 UK Biobank participants were included, of whom 18,851 had documented adolescent depression. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to evaluate associations between adolescent depression and 24 chronic diseases, followed by stratified analyses by sex and age. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was then conducted to infer causality for diseases showing significant associations. Genomic colocalization analyses were performed using relevant GWAS data to identify shared causal variants. Mediation analyses were performed to detect possible mediating factors, including the frailty index, KDM biological age acceleration, allostatic load and 30 circulating biomarkers. Adolescent depression was associated with elevated risk for 12 chronic diseases, with strongest associations for hypothyroidism (HR = 1.29 [1.18-1.42]), diabetes (HR = 1.25 [1.13-1.38]) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (HR = 1.74 [1.50-2.01]). Risks were notably higher among females and younger adults. MR confirmed likely causal relationships for hypothyroidism (OR = 1.45 [1.03-2.05]), diabetes (OR = 1.01 [1.01-1.02]) and COPD (OR = 1.04 [1.02-1.06]). Genomic colocalization revealed a shared genetic signal at the CDSN/PSORS1C1 locus between adolescent depression and hypothyroidism. Mediation analyses revealed disease-specific pathways: creatinine for hypothyroidism, testosterone for diabetes, KDM biological ageing for COPD and frailty index across all three conditions. Adolescent depression confers systemic vulnerability through genetic and metabolic mechanisms, with amplified risks in females and individuals aged ≤55 years. These findings support early, integrated interventions to mitigate long-term multimorbidity.

PMID 42713628
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