doxorubicin hydrochloride (Libod / Libaoduo)

Celebrating the 30th Anniversary of the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University.

Fang Mingliang M, Zhang Liwu L, Wang Lin L, Chen Jianmin J

Epidemiology and Management of Human Herpesvirus 8-Related Diseases in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Central and Eastern Europe.

Lakatos Botond B, Burzynski Emily E, Bou Chahine Janah J, Bennacer Leyla L et al.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), important causes of morbidity among people living with HIV. Data on these diseases remain limited from Central and Eastern Europe compared with Western Europe. We conducted a multicentre cross-sectional survey, using an online questionnaire distributed to HIV physicians within the Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe Network Group, comprising epidemiology, diagnostic capacity, and management of HHV-8-related diseases. Twenty-six HIV treatment centres from 22 countries participated, providing care for 36,845 people living with HIV. A total of 55 cases of KS (1.49 per 1000 PLWH) were reported, of which 35 (63.6%) had visceral involvement. MCD and PEL were uncommon, with 7 and 4 cases, respectively. Diagnostic capacity varied between centres: computed tomography was available in 80.8%, bronchoscopy in 30.8%, and gastroscopy in 23.1%. Antiretroviral therapy alone was the most common first-line treatment for limited KS, while pegylated liposomal doxorubicin was accessible as first-line and/or second-line treatment in 46.2% of centres. HHV-8-related diseases remain uncommon but clinically relevant complications of HIV infection in Central and Eastern Europe. Regional variability in diagnostic resources and treatment availability highlights the need for strengthened referral pathways and guideline-adherent care.

Stage-Specific Stability of Spray-Freeze-Dried Ovalbumin-Loaded Liposomes: Dissecting the Impact of Atomization, Freezing, and Drying on Cryoprotectant Performance.

Cheng Xi X, Li Mengyuan M, Yan Shen S, Zhang Shengyu S et al.

Objectives: Aqueous liposomal suspensions suffer from inherent physical and chemical instability, motivating the development of solid powder formulations. Spray-freeze-drying is a promising solidification technique; however, systematic investigations that isolate the impact of individual unit operations-atomization, freezing, and drying-on liposomal stability remain scarce. This study aimed to elucidate the stage-specific effects of each unit operation on the critical quality attributes of liposomal powders. Methods: Ovalbumin-loaded liposomes (O@L) prepared from DSPC, HSPC, or DPPC were processed using a self-developed microfluidic jet spray freezing tower coupled to a freeze dryer, with trehalose or mannitol as cryoprotectants. The effects of phospholipid composition, freezing temperature (-30 °C, -50 °C, and -70 °C), and freeze-drying cycle were assessed through the z-average, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the reconstituted liposomes, as well as the morphology, crystallinity, residual moisture, and hygroscopicity of the resulting powders. Results: Atomization induced protein leakage from the trehalose formulations, whereas mannitol better preserved EE. During freezing, trehalose provided superior cryoprotection, as mannitol partially crystallized and failed to uniformly coat the vesicles. After drying, however, vesicles frozen at -70 °C exhibited fusion attributable to non-uniform cryoprotectant distribution; a moderate freezing temperature (-50 °C) combined with a stepwise primary drying program proved optimal. Trehalose-based powders displayed higher residual moisture and irreversible crystallization above ~60% RH, whereas crystalline mannitol ensured low, reversible hygroscopicity. Conclusions: The optimal condition for a single unit operation does not guarantee the best overall outcome; rational spray-freeze-drying process design requires balancing stage-specific effects.

Influence of UV Irradiation Source and of Carboxylic Acid Additives on the Kinetics of Photodegradation of Five Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs in Aqueous Medium.

Ciuca Maria D MD, Racovita Radu C RC

Use of antidepressant medication has increased substantially nowadays. Investigations of their photostability in aqueous environment are therefore needed both for shelf life assessment of liquid pharmaceutical formulations and for development of wastewater remediation technologies. In this work, the comparative kinetics of photodegradation of five tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in aqueous solution was studied under direct photolysis using UVA, UVB, and UVC sources, respectively. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated intra-laboratory for accurate quantification of the five TCAs (amitriptyline hydrochloride AMI, doxepin hydrochloride DOX, imipramine hydrochloride IMI, clomipramine hydrochloride CLO, trimipramine maleate TRI) in the course of photodegradation. UVC photolysis yielded the highest rates of photodegradation, followed by UVB and then UVA. The molecular structure and UV absorption characteristics of individual TCAs were shown to influence photodegradation rates as well. Specifically, heteroatoms (N, O, Cl) present in the molecule and redshifted UV absorption bands increased photosensitivity typically in the order: AMI < IMI < TRI < CLO < DOX. The effect that some mono- and polycarboxylic acids dissolved in the aqueous solutions had on TCA photodegradation kinetics under UVC was also investigated and, for most TCAs, rates were faster and durations required for their complete photodegradation decreased generally in the order: citric > oxalic > maleic > benzoic acid. Furthermore, citric acid was reused for a second round of TCA photodegradation and showed rate enhancement effects very close to those exhibited in the first round.