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BCG vaccine

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AJVaccines · 细胞治疗 · 细胞治疗

什么是 BCG vaccine？

BCG vaccine 是一种细胞治疗，由AJVaccines研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intradermal Injection。

药物档案

公司AJVaccines
药物类别细胞治疗, 疫苗
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intradermal Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, AJVaccines

相关研究文献

PubMedMucosal immunology2026-07-27

Mucosal BCG vaccination reprograms lung interstitial macrophages and enhances antimicrobial defense in mice.

Forde Aaron James AJ, Esposito Mara M, Kerschbamer Emanuela E, Schreiner David D et al.

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) but provides inconsistent protection against disease. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are widely considered the primary myeloid mediators of BCG-induced lung immunity, whereas the contribution of lung interstitial macrophages (IM) remains poorly defined. Here, we investigated pulmonary macrophage remodeling following BCG vaccination delivered by three distinct routes in mice, using flow cytometry, single cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics. We show that the route of vaccine administration dictates which macrophage subset is rewired. Intratracheal (IT) BCG preferentially reprograms IM, which form spatially organized immune hubs with CD4 T cells, while AM retain a transcriptional state closer to homeostasis. In contrast, intravenous (IV) BCG induces transcriptional remodeling of AM. Importantly, IT BCG conferred superior protection against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the heterologous pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Collectively, these findings identify IM as key mediators of mucosal vaccine-induced protection and highlight macrophage subset targeting as a framework for optimizing vaccines against respiratory pathogens.

PMID 42503329
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PubMedFuture oncology (London, England)2026-07-27

Management of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a real-world study in North America, Europe and Japan.

Bedke Jens J, Eccleston Anthony A, Unsworth Mia M, Brinkmann Julia J et al.

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for approximately 75% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers and is particularly prevalent in men. Guidelines stratify patients into risk categories based on disease characteristics as patients often recur or progress to muscle-invasive disease. Most guidelines recommend transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by up to 3 years of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for high-risk (HR) patients. For very HR patients or those who recur after BCG, radical cystectomy (RC) is recommended. This study aimed to describe the profile of individuals with HR-NMIBC, alongside treatment patterns and outcomes across Europe, North America, and Japan. Data were extracted from the Adelphi Disease Specific Program for 1,864 patients initially diagnosed with HR-NMIBC and 273 with very HR-NMIBC. First-line treatment was mainly intravesical BCG, however, less than half of patients received the guideline recommended maintenance BCG and none received RC. Second-line treatment options were similar to first-line, with RC usage still rare. While TURBT+BCG was shown to be the current standard of care, the underutilization of full guideline recommended treatment alongside the relatively high number of recurrences highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches, either in combination with BCG therapy, or as alternative first-line treatments.

PMID 42504607
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PubMedVaccines2026-07-27

Immunization Gaps Among High-Risk Preterm Infants in Kazakhstan.

Tatibekova Balzhan N BN, Yakubovich Daniel D, Sagatbayeva Ademi K AK, Ismailova Aigul A AA

Advances in neonatal intensive care in Kazakhstan have improved the survival of preterm infants, including those with very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW). However, after hospital discharge, these medically vulnerable children may remain insufficiently protected against vaccine-preventable infections because of prolonged temporary medical exemptions, clinical caution, parental concerns, and fragmented coordination between specialized follow-up services and primary health care. This study aimed to assess vaccination coverage in a 10-year cohort of high-risk preterm infants and to identify clinical, parental, and organizational factors associated with delayed immunization. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 331 high-risk preterm infants followed at a specialized pediatric center in Astana, Kazakhstan, between 2015 and 2024. Vaccination status at hospital discharge and at 24 months of chronological age, documented temporary medical exemptions, reasons for delayed or missed vaccination, and confirmed cases of pertussis and measles were analyzed. A supplementary cross-sectional survey of parents, physicians, and health care managers was conducted to further explore barriers to catch-up immunization. At hospital discharge, 259 infants (78.2%) had not received the BCG or hepatitis B vaccine. By 24 months of age, 34.1% (n = 113) were fully vaccinated according to age, whereas 49.8% (n = 165) remained completely unvaccinated. During the observation period, 30 cases of measles and 17 cases of pertussis were recorded within the cohort, primarily during nationwide outbreaks. Among the 10 children with a history of measles before 12 months of age, 2 developed subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 1 developed profound hearing loss, and 1 required prolonged oxygen therapy following pneumonia. In addition, 2 children with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) experienced clinical deterioration, while 1 infant with pertussis required hospitalization during the acute phase of illness. High-risk preterm infants in this cohort experienced substantial and persistent gaps in immunization after hospital discharge. These findings underscore the importance of regular reassessment of temporary medical exemptions, improved coordination between specialized follow-up services and primary health care, and strengthened catch-up immunization strategies for medically vulnerable children.

PMID 42506675
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PubMedVaccines2026-07-27

Untangling the Roots of HPV Vaccine Acceptance in West Virginia: How Hesitancy and Misinformation Shape Parental Decisions.

Guidry Jeanine P D JPD, Laestadius Linnea I LI, Engbersen-Severijns Yil Y, Miller Carrie A CA et al.

West Virginia is of particular concern regarding HPV vaccine hesitancy, currently ranking 45th among U.S. states in HPV vaccine uptake. General vaccine hesitancy and HPV- and HPV vaccine-specific misinformation, both associated with lower vaccination, have increased in recent years, complicating efforts to identify key drivers of HPV vaccine acceptance and effective intervention targets. This study used a Qualtrics survey of n = 330 parents of children aged 0-14 in West Virginia. Measures included parental HPV vaccine acceptance for their youngest child (reflecting either completed vaccination or intention to vaccinate), general vaccine hesitancy measured using the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS), and endorsement of nine common HPV- and HPV vaccine-specific misinformation statements. Misinformation items were summed and demonstrated good internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.868). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated significant racial/ethnic differences across all model steps, with non-White parents less likely to report HPV vaccine acceptance for their child (p < 0.001). In Step 2, lower levels of general vaccine hesitancy predicted higher HPV vaccine acceptance (p < 0.001). In the final model, higher endorsement of HPV- and HPV vaccine-specific misinformation was associated with lower HPV vaccine acceptance (p = 0.035). These findings underscore the independent and additive influence of general vaccine hesitancy and HPV- and HPV vaccine-specific misinformation on parental HPV vaccine acceptance in West Virginia. Community-engaged public health strategies should prioritize strengthening vaccine confidence and directly addressing HPV- and HPV vaccine-specific misinformation, particularly among underserved populations.

PMID 42506645
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PubMedVaccines2026-07-27

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Intent and Associated Factors Among the Unvaccinated University Freshmen in the Largest University Town in China.

Yao Hongcen H, Lu Hongmei H, Zhu Qi Q, Shen Jinhua J et al.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been proven a safe, necessary, and effective measure against HPV infection. However, HPV vaccine uptake remains limited among university students in China. This study investigated HPV vaccine intent among university freshmen in the largest university town in China. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among unvaccinated female and male freshmen attending seven universities in Songjiang University Town, Shanghai, during 2024-2025. The questionnaire collected sociodemographic characteristics, HPV and HPV-vaccine-related knowledge, awareness, and vaccine intent. Factors associated with HPV vaccine intent were determined. Results: A total of 3397 valid questionnaires were collected, including female (60.02%) and male (39.98%) university freshmen. Overall, 76.12% were aware of HPV, 80.98% were aware of the HPV vaccine, and 84.31% expressed vaccine intent, with significantly higher rates among females than males (each p < 0.001). Socioeconomics, knowledge, awareness, sexual behavior, and HPV testing history were significantly associated with vaccine intent (each p < 0.05). The most common reason for no intent was perceived low risk of HPV-related diseases (40.53%). The most expected improvement measures were regulatory confirmation of vaccine safety and effectiveness (37.71%) and healthcare professionals' recommendations (37.71%), with no gender difference (each p > 0.05). Notably, 4.00% refused HPV vaccination, regardless of improvement measures. Additionally, most respondents preferred financial supporting policies, regardless of gender or vaccine intent (each p > 0.05). Conclusions: University freshmen showed the disparity between high awareness/intent and low knowledge. Financial considerations may influence HPV vaccination decisions. Thus, improving knowledge, particularly among males, and providing financial support may enhance HPV vaccine intent.

PMID 42506658
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PubMedZhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine]2026-07-27

[Research progress in combination vaccines containing sabin strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine].

Fu Y X YX, Cai L K LK, Liang J L JL, Zhao T T et al.

Sabin strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV), derived from attenuated Sabin poliovirus strains, has emerged as a promising alternative to both oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and conventional inactivated poliovirus vaccine (cIPV). It eliminates the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). In addition, sIPV demonstrates superior biosafety and vaccine safety during production and administration compared with cIPV. The integration of sIPV into combination vaccines with other routine immunization antigens can reduce the number of injections and streamline immunization schedules, making sIPV-containing combination vaccines a key focus of recent research. Japan launched the world's first sIPV-containing tetravalent vaccine in 2012, followed by the introduction of an sIPV-containing pentavalent vaccine in 2024. In China, a standalone sIPV was licensed in 2015, and multiple sIPV-containing combination vaccines are currently in clinical trials or preclinical development. The primary challenges for these vaccines include antigen compatibility within combination formulations and the scalability of sIPV production. Future strategies, such as the use of innovative adjuvants and intradermal administration, may enable antigen-sparing approaches. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the development and application of sIPV-containing combination vaccines, aiming to inform and guide ongoing vaccine research and development in China.

PMID 42503940
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