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clotrimazole + betamethasone (Flotiran / Lotrisone / Lotricomb)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · NR3C1 · 小分子

什么是 clotrimazole + betamethasone？

clotrimazole + betamethasone 是一种小分子，由Merck & Co.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Unknown。

药物档案

商品名Flotiran, Lotrisone, Lotricomb
公司Merck & Co.
药物类别小分子
分子靶点NR3C1,
给药途径Unknown
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

作用机制

分子靶点

clotrimazole + betamethasone 作用于 2 个分子靶点：

NR3C1nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (GR, GCCR)
sterol demethylase, Candida albicans (ERG11)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

clotrimazole + betamethasone 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Infections and infestationsWound infection fungal✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedGenes & diseases2026-07-26

Mitochondrial dynamics: A promising tool for personalized TNBC management.

Mishra Harshit H, Yadav Anshu A, Kushwaha Veena B VB, Singh Manish Pratap MP

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and highly metastatic form of breast cancer and is associated with poor prognosis due to the lack of targeted therapies. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial factor contributing to tumor growth and chemoresistance in TNBC. Dysregulation in mitochondrial dynamics leads to disruption of the normal process of oxidative phosphorylation, elevated reactive oxygen species generation, and resistance to apoptosis, contributing to TNBC aggressiveness. Moreover, alterations in mitochondrial energetics, including elevated glycolysis and glutamine addiction, provide metabolic advantages for TNBC growth and survival. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial vulnerabilities have shown potential for TNBC management. Inhibitors targeting mitochondrial dynamics, including Mdivi-1, dynasore, and cepharanthine, act by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and impairing excessive fission to stimulate apoptosis. Mitochondrial energetics inhibitors, such as 2DG, 3BP, clotrimazole, and etomoxir, disrupt mitochondrial metabolic processes and reduce tumor growth in TNBC. This review highlights the latest advancements in mitochondrial dynamics and energetics in TNBC and explores the molecular mechanisms underlying their dysregulation. It also explores the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial function for personalized strategies leading to improved clinical management of TNBC.

PMID 42502484
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PubMedInflammopharmacology2026-07-26

Clove oil in combination with flurbiprofen attenuated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in a mouse model: A mechanistic study.

Xing Qianqian Q, Wang Shuaijie S, Zubair Hafiz Muhammad HM, Mustafa Aqib A et al.

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by scaly plaques, erythema, and thick skin. Psoriasis management is complicated and multifaceted as this disease is linked to serious systemic consequences like infections, psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological complications. In the current study, a mice model of psoriasis was established by topical application of 5% imiquimod (IMQ) cream on the shaved dorsal skin and left ear pinna of mice for 7 days. The animals in treatment groups were treated topically with different concentrations of clove oil (CO) (5, 10 and 20%), alone and in combination with flurbiprofen (FBR 5 and 10%), and betamethasone and salicylic acid combination (betasalic® ointment, a standard drug) for the next 7 days. Disease induction and treatment responses were assessed based on modified psoriasis area and severity index (modified PASI) score. On day 15, animals were euthanised, and blood and skin samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analyses, along with a quantitative assessment of psoriasis-associated inflammatory gene expression using RT-qPCR techniques. Phytochemical tests were performed to detect total tannin, flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin contents of CO. CO 20% and FBR 5% combination and betasalic ointment treatments resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in erythema, scaling, and skin thickness with an overall modified PASI score of 4.5 ± 0.29 and 4.33 ± 0.33 when compared with the DC group (PASI score = 12 ± 00). Complete blood count analysis revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in total leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes counts in the CO 20% and FBR 5% combination and betasalic ointment treated groups as compared with DC group. Moreover, a significant decrease in the spleen-to-body weight index (SBWI) was observed in the CO 20% and FBR 5% combination and betasalic ointment treated groups as compared with SBWI of DC group, highlighting the potential immune regulatory properties of CO and FBR. Histopathological analysis of skin tissues revealed a significant improvement in epidermal architecture and a reduction in inflammatory cells infiltration in the treated groups. RT-qPCR analysis revealed down-regulation in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress-inducing genes. Phytochemical analyses confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and saponins in the CO. Overall, these findings suggest that the clove oil-flurbiprofen combination has the potential to reduce skin inflammatory conditions possibly via modulation of oxidative and inflammatory pathways.

PMID 42502130
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PubMedTrials2026-07-25

The World Health Organization Antenatal CorTicosteroids for Improving Outcomes in preterm Newborns (ACTION-III) trial-rationale for the selected lower steroid dose.

WHO ACTION Trials Collaborators

Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS), most commonly administered as betamethasone or dexamethasone, remain a cornerstone of care for women at risk of preterm birth. However, the standard 24-mg regimen introduced more than five decades ago has not undergone formal dose-finding evaluation. Emerging concerns regarding possible dose-related adverse effects, particularly among late preterm infants subsequently born at term, have renewed interest in optimizing corticosteroid exposure. Experimental data across species, supported by human pharmacokinetic analyses, indicate that fetal lung maturation is driven by sustained low corticosteroid concentrations rather than high peak levels. This commentary summarizes key experimental, pharmacokinetic, and modelling evidence that informed the selection of the lower-dose betamethasone phosphate regimen evaluated in the WHO ACTION-III trial and explains the scientific rationale for this dosing strategy. Pharmacokinetic modeling indicates that 2 mg betamethasone phosphate administered intramuscularly every 12 h for four doses achieves fetal concentrations within the 1 to 4 ng/mL range identified in experimental studies, while avoiding the supratherapeutic peaks observed with conventional regimens. The ACTION-III trial will evaluate whether this lower dose ACS regimen, chosen on the basis of carefully developed models and clinical studies, maintains clinical efficacy while potentially reducing unnecessary systemic corticosteroid exposure in women at risk of late preterm birth.Trial registration: ISRCTN11434567, registered on 7 June 2021.  https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11434567?q=ACTION-III&filters=&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10 .

PMID 42498945
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PubMedCureus2026-07-25

Economic Burden and Cost Differences Between Branded and Generic Topical Antifungals in India.

Dt Prateek P, Dongerkery Kavitha K, Deolekar Pradnya P, Dahibhate Atharva A et al.

India's pharmaceutical market is characterized by a significant presence of both generic and branded drugs, particularly for common ailments such as superficial mycoses (SFMs), which pose a substantial public health and economic burden. Patients in tropical countries like India, which have common superficial mycoses, need prolonged treatment because of their recurrence rates after initial treatment and due to incomplete therapy. Given the high variability in drug pricing and the imperative for cost-effective healthcare, a pharmacoeconomic analysis comparing generic and branded topical antifungals in India is crucial to inform prescribing practices and optimize resource allocation. The price comparison of various topical antifungal medications from different brands was conducted by using the latest information from the "Monthly Index of Medical Specialties" August to October 2025, and 1mg online pharmacy and Jan Aushadhi website. The study calculated the total expenses for 30 mL and 30 g dosage forms, which included cream, ointment, lotion, eye drops, and shampoo products of each drug brand. We conducted a comparison between different drug brands through their cost ratio, and percentage cost variation (PCV) analysis was done, keeping generic medicines prices (retrieved from the Jan Aushadhi website) as baseline values. The data analysis showed a significant variation in the costs of different brands of topical antifungals in the Indian market. After analysis, we identified itraconazole 1% ointment to have the highest cost variation at 8335.1%, followed by clotrimazole dusting powder (4740%). Ketoconazole 2% cream, bifonazole 1% lotion, and sertaconazole shampoo showed the smallest variation at 3.29%, 3.5%, and 11.3%, respectively. When generic and branded topical antifungals were compared, the highest cost variation was seen for clotrimazole 1% cream (3431.7%), and the least variation was observed for ketoconazole 2% powder (135.4%). When combination topical antifungals were compared, the highest percentage cost variation of 1479.4% was seen for clotrimazole 1%w/w and beclomethasone dipropionate 0.025%w/w cream, and the least percentage cost variation of 38.8% was seen for terbinafine (1% w/w) + ciprofloxacin (1% w/w) + metronidazole (1% w/w) + clobetasol (0.05% w/w). The market for topical antifungal agents demonstrates substantial price variation among available products. Regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and clinicians must collaborate to achieve optimal reductions in drug costs. Strict implementation of cost regulation policies, along with increased awareness among clinicians regarding the rational selection of cost-effective therapies, is essential.

PMID 42500790
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PubMedColloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces2026-07-25

Crosslinked hybrid micellar platform for targeted cutaneous drug delivery.

Thakur Neeraj S NS, Agrahari Vibhuti V, Kalia Yogeshvar N YN

Micellar systems are transformed upon contact with the stratum corneum lipids, disassembling and releasing their cargo. Thus, the development of micellar systems for sustained cutaneous delivery that retain structural integrity poses considerable challenges. Herein, a highly stable crosslinked hybrid micellar (cHy-Micelles) platform is developed for controlled cutaneous drug delivery. The amine functionalized N-(2-aminoethyl)pentacosa-10,12-diynamide (AMP-1) was synthesized first; then, hybrid micelles were prepared by mixing it with D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) using nanoprecipitation. The micelles were stabilized by UV light irradiation and then characterized to determine morphology, stability, and ability to deliver a cargo. The spherical cHy-micelles with < 50 nm size (37.84 ± 0.45 nm) were highly stable and monodispersed (polydispersity index 0.099 ± 0.004) in the final hydrogel formulation because of intermolecular crosslinking within the micelle. These cHy-micelles also showed excellent cutaneous retention ability and low skin permeation owing to the positive surface potential (ζ potential +42 ± 7.15 mV) - skin has an isoelectric point (pI) of 4-4.5. Interestingly, the targeted cutaneous delivery of poorly water-soluble rose bengal, itraconazole, and clotrimazole was achieved using the developed micelles without showing significant transdermal permeation. This new crosslinked hybrid micellar platform could have enormous potential for topical drug delivery since it could enable modified kinetics as compared to conventional micelles, whilst decreasing the risk of systemic side effects.

PMID 42497476
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PubMedBiological trace element research2026-07-23

Health and Regulatory Assessment of Hydroquinone, Mercury and Steroids in Skin-Lightening Creams Marketed in Pakistan.

Shujait Mahnoor M, Nawaz Ch M M, Hussain Naqi N

People from all over the world use cosmetics to enhance their physical appearance, seeking social acceptance. Most locally produced skin-lightening creams used in developing countries are a mixture of fat and water applied to the skin surface. These Skin Lightening creams may pose a potential health risk due to their inclusion of various highly toxic active ingredients like hydroquinone, mercury, and steroids. This study quantifies the levels of these toxic substances in ten commonly used SLC brands in Pakistan and their associated health risks in samples marketed in Lahore. To determine the concentration levels of various ingredients, including hydroquinone, steroids (Betamethasone, Dexamethasone, Hydrocortisone, and Prednisolone), and mercury, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra violet- high-performance liquid chromatography, and a direct mercury analyzer were used, respectively. Health risks were assessed by calculating Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). Results showed that some samples exceeded international limits for hydroquinone (up to 5.56%) and mercury (up to 4.9 ppm), surpassing U.S Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA), and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The analysis also revealed undeclared corticosteroids in several samples: betamethasone (0.6-1.8% in 30% of samples), dexamethasone (1.4-6.4% in 20% of samples), hydrocortisone (0.4-8.5% in 50% of samples), and prednisolone (0.3-1.6% in 30% of samples). These findings suggest the need for improved regulatory enforcement in developing countries along with enhanced monitoring of Pakistan's cosmetic industry to effectively protect public health from the cumulative toxicity of hydroquinone, mercury, and corticosteroids.

PMID 42487054
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