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metronidazole (Elyzol / Pernyzol / Elyzol Dental Gel)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · 小分子 · 小分子

什么是 metronidazole？

metronidazole 是一种小分子，由Pfizer, Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Topical。

药物档案

商品名Elyzol, Pernyzol, Elyzol Dental Gel
公司Pfizer, Inc.
药物类别小分子
给药途径Topical
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

治疗适应症

metronidazole 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Infections and infestationsPeriodontitis✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-27

Greener Prescribing: A Quasi-Experimental Study of the Environmental Impact of Metronidazole Dosing Interval Optimization.

Alsoubani Majd M, Campion Maureen M, Swarup Somya S, Lee Pamela P et al.

Background: Antimicrobial administration is a major contributor to healthcare-associated waste. We evaluated the environmental impact of changing the default metronidazole dosing frequency from three-times-daily (TID) to twice-daily (BID) administration in a three-hospital system. Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental uncontrolled interrupted time-series study across an integrated health system. Inpatient oral and intravenous metronidazole utilization was assessed from January 2023 through December 2024, before and after a change in the default metronidazole dosing on 1 February 2024. Overall utilization was measured as days of therapy (DOT)/1000 days present (DP), and frequency-specific utilization was standardized as dispensed doses/1000 DP. Plastic waste was estimated using EcoRxChoice, and modeled disposal-related carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) emissions reflected facility-specific incineration and transportation processes. Results: Overall metronidazole utilization remained similar (36.4 pre-intervention vs. 37.2 DOT/1000 DP post-intervention). After implementation TID utilization decreased relative to baseline (-4.41 dispensed doses/1000 DP per month; 95% CI, -6.02 to -2.80 p < 0.001), whereas twice-daily utilization increased (+1.32 dispensed doses/1000 DP per month; 95% CI, 0.37 to 2.27 p = 0.007). Mean modeled plastic waste decreased from approximately 200 to 164 kg/month. Over the 11-month post-intervention period, the monthly trend decreased by 14.63 kg/month relative to the pre-intervention trend (95% CI, -21.42 to -7.83; p < 0.001) and modeled disposal-related 351.3 kg of CO2e. Conclusions: Optimizing antibiotic dosing frequency is a simple, scalable antimicrobial stewardship strategy that was associated with reductions in modeled metronidazole plastic waste and modeled disposal-related emissions while leveraging the established clinical non-inferiority of twice-daily metronidazole dosing.

PMID 42938776
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PubMedChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-27

Influence of Nutrient Intake and Oral Health Among Adolescents in Mallorca: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Alández Pablo Estebala PE, Coll Campayo Irene I, Vallejos-Rojas Daniela D, Bonet María Luisa ML et al.

Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by increased nutritional requirements and the establishment of dietary habits that may influence long-term health outcomes, including oral health. Dietary patterns with low nutrient density may contribute to inflammatory processes involved in periodontal disease. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary intake and periodontal health status in a sample of adolescents from Mallorca, Spain. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 156 adolescents, aged 15 years, attending secondary schools in Mallorca. Periodontal status was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Pathfinder methodology. Dietary nutrient intake was evaluated using a single 24 h dietary recall conducted following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations. Participants were classified as periodontally healthy or as having periodontal disease according to the presence of affected sextants. A binary logistic regression analysis was subsequently performed to evaluate the independent association between nutrient intake and periodontal disease. Of the 156 adolescents included (81 girls and 75 boys), 46 were classified as periodontally healthy and 110 as having periodontal disease. No significant association was observed between sex and periodontal status (p = 0.695). Adolescents with healthy periodontal status had significantly higher intakes of dietary fiber (p = 0.011), magnesium (p = 0.018), selenium (p = 0.035), vitamin A (p = 0.018), and vitamin C (p = 0.011). Higher intakes of micronutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties appear to be associated with better periodontal health among adolescents. These findings suggest that promoting nutrient-dense dietary patterns during adolescence may help support periodontal health.

PMID 42940630
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PubMedBiomolecules2026-10-27

Periodontal Regeneration Using a Mineralizing Hydrogel Loaded with a Synthetic CEMP1-Derived Peptide.

Wang Yu Y, Guan Guangzhao G, Mei Li L, Zheng Huiwen H et al.

Background: Periodontal regeneration requires the coordinated reconstruction of mineralized and non-mineralized tissues. P35 polypeptide derived from Cementum protein-1(CEMP1) has been demonstrated to induce bio-mineralization in vitro, although in vivo applications still need to be further validated. In this study, we developed a novel mineralizing hydrogel system (P35/ACP@PEG Hy) to facilitate periodontal regeneration by encapsulating P35-loaded amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (P35/ACP-NPs) within a four-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. Methods: In vitro assays were performed to characterize the physicochemical properties, sustained-release behavior, osteogenic/cementogenic effects of P35/ACP-NPs on hPDLCs, together with the mechanical performance and biocompatibility of the PEG hydrogel. The regenerative capacity of the hydrogel was further assessed in a rat periodontal defect model using micro-CT and histological staining. The regenerative efficacy was evaluated in a rat periodontal defect model via micro-CT and histological staining, while transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and immune-blotting were further performed to confirm the molecular mechanisms. Results: P35/ACP@PEG exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, featuring an initial burst release followed by a sustained gradual release profile, along with the excellent biocompatibility. In vitro, P35/ACP-NPs markedly promoted osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation of hPDLCs. Correspondingly, the P35/ACP@PEG hydrogel significantly accelerated periodontal tissue regeneration in the rat model with periodontal defect. And RNA-seq analysis and immune-blotting further revealed that these effects are highly linked to activation of the TGF-β/Smad2/3/LOX signaling pathway. Conclusions: P35/ACP@PEG Hy platform can promote periodontal regeneration via activation of TGF-β/Smad2/3/LOX signaling pathway in vivo. Its sustained bioactivity, favorable biocompatibility and robust regenerative efficacy highlight a potential of P35 polypeptide for periodontal tissue repair.

PMID 42939698
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PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-10-27

Macrophage functional plasticity in periodontitis: microenvironmental regulation, disease progression, and therapeutic targeting.

Gu Ziqi Z, Li Xinyu X, Awuti Gulinur G

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by periodontal microbial dysbiosis and dysregulated host immune responses. Its progression is characterized by persistent inflammation, destruction of periodontal soft tissues, disrupted alveolar bone remodeling, and impaired tissue repair. As key effector cells within the periodontal immune microenvironment, macrophages contribute to pathogen clearance, inflammatory regulation, bone homeostasis, and tissue repair. Macrophage responses are highly heterogeneous and context dependent, extending well beyond the conventional M1/M2 dichotomy. This review focuses on macrophage functional plasticity in periodontitis, defined here as context-dependent changes in macrophage functional responses rather than heterogeneity or state-associated signatures alone, and examines how periodontal microorganisms and their virulence factors, host inflammatory signals, hypoxia and oxidative stress, immunometabolic changes, and epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulate these responses. We further discuss how these responses contribute to inflammatory amplification, extracellular matrix degradation, alveolar bone resorption, resolution of inflammation, and periodontal tissue repair. Emerging evidence indicates that macrophage dysregulation in periodontitis extends beyond an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and repair-associated functions to include alterations in macrophage subset composition and selected functional programs. Direct evidence tracking transitions within macrophage populations in periodontal lesions, however, remains limited. The strategies reviewed here target inflammatory pathways, immunometabolism, intercellular communication, and the local tissue microenvironment. Linking changes in macrophage function to tissue outcomes may clarify the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis and inform treatments that promote inflammation resolution and periodontal regeneration.

PMID 42936475
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PubMedOral diseases2026-10-27

Diagnostic Performance of Artificial Intelligence in Detecting Periodontal Diseases Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review.

Dong Bo B, Cao Rongkai R, Lin Shengyun S, Chen Yijia Y et al.

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have shown promise for the detection of periodontal disease. This study aimed to synthesize current evidence on the diagnostic performance of AI models applied to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for periodontal disease. A comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted to identify studies on AI-assisted diagnosis of periodontal disease using CBCT published up to December 2025. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Among 10,099 records screened, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies indicate that AI models, predominantly based on convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures applied to CBCT images, have substantial potential for detecting periodontal bone loss and related conditions. However, diagnostic performance metrics varied markedly across studies, and direct comparisons with human clinicians produced inconsistent findings, underscoring the need for more rigorous study designs and standardized datasets. Despite limitations arising from heterogeneous methodologies and non-standardized data collection, CBCT-based AI models show considerable promise for enhancing periodontal disease diagnosis. Further high-quality, methodologically robust research is warranted to validate and optimize these approaches for clinical use. PROSPERO: CRD420251273846.

PMID 42935223
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PubMedPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-27

Nisin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN-Nisin) Mitigate Treponema denticola Intracellular Infection and Restore Highly Dysregulated Host Gene Expression.

Radaic Allan A, Malone Erin E, Lin Shen S, Curcino Araujo Lisa Danielly LD et al.

Background/Objectives: Periodontal disease is a bacterially driven chronic inflammatory condition that compromises tooth-supporting tissues. Treponema denticola is strongly associates with periodontal tissue destruction and tooth loss. Given the contribution of antibiotic overuse, the rise of multi-drug resistance represents a major therapeutic challenge. Previous literature has shown that nisin, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits activity against periodontal pathobionts, including T. denticola. Yet, nanoparticle-based delivery systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), may enhance nisin's intracellular activity and therapeutic potential. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of SLN-Nisin in treating intracellular T. denticola infection in human periodontal ligament cells in periodontal disease in vitro settings. Methods: SLNs and SLN-Nisin were prepared by microemulsion extrusion. T. denticola intracellular trafficking in human-derived periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells was assessed by confocal microscopy using endocytosis fluorescent markers. RNA-seq characterized T. denticola-induced transcriptional alterations. SLN-Nisin intracellular antimicrobial activity was assessed by confocal microscopy and bacterial viability assays, while mitigation of host transcriptional alterations by RT-qPCR. Results: T. denticola invades hPDL cells and undergoes dynamic intracellular trafficking through the endocytic pathway, resulting in sustained late endosomal colonization, promoting significant host transcriptional alterations. Further, SLN-Nisin is efficiently internalized by hPDL cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis, and both nisin and SLN-Nisin significantly reduce bacterial burden. SLN-Nisin restores four of the most strongly dysregulated host genes to control levels, whereas nisin restores only two. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that SLN-based delivery enhances the intracellular efficacy of nisin, limiting T. denticola burden and reversing infection-induced host transcriptional alterations. SLN-Nisin represents a promising therapeutic approach for targeting intracellular T. denticola infection in periodontal disease.

PMID 42943282
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