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metronidazole (Elyzol / Pernyzol / Elyzol Dental Gel)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · 小分子 · 小分子

什么是 metronidazole？

metronidazole 是一种小分子，由Pfizer, Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Topical。

药物档案

商品名Elyzol, Pernyzol, Elyzol Dental Gel
公司Pfizer, Inc.
药物类别小分子
给药途径Topical
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

治疗适应症

metronidazole 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Infections and infestationsPeriodontitis✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedCurrent microbiology2026-07-27

The Role of the Oral Microbiome in the Development and Treatment of Periodontal Disease: Functional Meta-Omics Evidence.

Chen Xiling X, Wu Xiao X, He Chunying C, Huang Yijie Y et al.

The oral microbiome, mainly includes microorganisms located in supragingival and subgingival plaques. These bacterial communities maintain the stability of specific niches and host immune homeostasis by forming a complex regulatory network, thereby maintaining periodontal health. Local periodontal dysbiosis occurs when this stability is disrupted, which leads to the excessive production of toxic products. Recent advances in meta-omics technologies have revealed the characters of the oral microbiome. In this review, we discuss the most recent insights into the oral microbiome associated with periodontal disease, mainly focusing on the bacterial members. The composition, function and metabolic programs of these bacterial members under conditions of periodontal health and periodontal disease development, as well as their interactions with host cells, are also discussed. This review aims to provide guidance for establishing models for periodontal disease risk prediction, diagnosis and prognosis evaluation based on microbiome indices. Additionally, this paper analyses the potential mechanism by which dysbiosis may affect the occurrence and development of periodontal disease, emphasizes the role of the core microbiome, and provides potential solutions for the development of new therapeutic strategies and targets to promote microbiome homeostasis. Finally, the important remaining questions in this field and critical points for future research are discussed.

PMID 42507033
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PubMedDentistry journal2026-07-27

A Narrative Review on the Impact of ENDS Use on Clinical, Inflammatory and Microbiological Periodontal-Related Parameters.

Park Sun Ha SH, Yaung Jun J, Yaghmai Sheila S, Bezerra Beatriz B

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has prompted questions regarding their effects on periodontal health. While the detrimental impacts of cigarette smoking are well-established, the periodontal implications of ENDS use remain poorly understood. This narrative review aimed to evaluate current evidence comparing periodontal parameters, inflammatory markers, and oral microbiome composition among ENDS users, cigarette smokers, and non-smokers. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed (January 2009-May 2026) following a PICO question: "What is the impact of ENDS, compared to cigarette smoking and non-smoking, on periodontal health?" Clinical studies reporting on periodontal health parameters (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment loss), inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and microbial composition were included. Due to methodological heterogeneity across studies, meta-analysis was not feasible, necessitating narrative synthesis. Results: Across studies, clinical periodontal findings in ENDS users were heterogeneous and did not consistently resemble those of either cigarette smokers or non-smokers. In contrast, ENDS use was consistently associated with alterations in inflammatory profiles and oral microbiome composition, characterized by selective changes in specific inflammatory cytokines rather than uniform inflammatory upregulation, as well as shifts towards microbial communities linked to periodontal inflammation. Notably, these biological alterations were not uniformly reflected in traditional clinical periodontal indices. Conclusions: ENDS use is associated with heterogeneous clinical findings and inflammatory and microbial alterations that suggest ENDS is a distinct exposure rather than a predictable intermediate between smoking and non-use. This review, to our knowledge, is the first to integrate clinical, inflammatory, and microbiome outcomes and highlights the limitations of relying solely on clinical parameters to assess the impact of ENDS on periodontal health. It also underscores the need for well-designed longitudinal studies to clarify the periodontal implications of ENDS use.

PMID 42505760
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PubMedClinical oral investigations2026-07-27

Evaluation of serum chromium, nickel, and magnesium levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: A cross-sectional study.

Bozkurt Esra E, Özdemir Eda Çetin EÇ, Gül Kamile K, Kılınç Metin M et al.

The aim of this study was to evaluate serum chromium (Cr), magnesium (Mg), and nickel (Ni) levels in periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to examine the relationship of these elements with periodontal clinical parameters and glycemic control. A total of 74 individuals were included in this cross-sectional study and participants were divided into four groups: periodontally and systemically healthy control group (n = 18), periodontitis group (n = 19), controlled T2DM+periodontitis group (n = 18), and uncontrolled T2DM+periodontitis group (n = 19). Clinical periodontal parameters, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing index (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), were recorded in all patients. Serum HbA1c, Cr, Mg, and Ni levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum Cr levels were significantly lower in the periodontitis group compared to the control group. Serum Cr and Mg levels were significantly lower in both the controlled and uncontrolled T2DM+ periodontitis groups compared to the healthy control group. Significant correlations were found between serum Cr and Mg levels and periodontal clinical parameters and HbA1c. Serum Ni levels did not differ between groups but showed significant correlations with periodontal parameters and HbA1c. The decrease in serum Cr and Mg levels in individuals with periodontitis associated with T2DM suggests that metabolic and inflammatory load may affect mineral homeostasis. Serum Ni levels did not differ significantly between the groups. The combination of periodontitis and uncontrolled T2DM may exert a synergistic effect on mineral homeostasis. Future longitudinal or interventional studies should assess whether monitoring chromium and nickel adds clinical value in understanding periodontal-systemic interactions and periodontal treatment response. Retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT07327086.; First submitted: 2025-12-24).

PMID 42507181
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PubMedMetabolites2026-07-27

Metagenomics in the Interplay Among Oral and Gut Dysbiosis.

Munzone Morena M, Marmo Giorgia Maria GM, Polizzi Alessandro A, Jovanova Elena E et al.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease increasingly recognized as a manifestation of complex microbial dysbiosis extending beyond the oral cavity. Recent advances in spatial metagenomics provide unprecedented resolution to investigate microbial community structure, function, and localization within periodontal niches and along the oral-gut axis. This review aims to explore how spatially resolved metagenomic approaches refine our understanding of the ecological and functional shifts in bacterial populations associated with periodontitis and their systemic implications. By integrating spatial mapping with shotgun metagenomics, we highlight distinct microenvironmental signatures within periodontal pockets, characterized by anaerobic pathobionts, metabolic reprogramming, and localized inflammatory gradients. Furthermore, we examine evidence supporting bidirectional interactions between oral and gut microbiota, suggesting that oral-derived taxa may contribute to gut dysbiosis through translocation and ecological disruption. From a basic science perspective, spatial metagenomics reveals niche-specific microbial functions and interspecies interactions that are not captured by bulk sequencing. Clinically, these insights open avenues for precision diagnostics and targeted therapeutics, including microbiome modulation strategies tailored to spatial microbial organization. Overall, this work underscores the importance of spatial context in metagenomic analyses and advances the conceptual framework linking periodontal disease to systemic microbial dysbiosis.

PMID 42506453
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PubMedHealth science reports2026-07-27

Delivery of Dietary Advice for Type 2 Diabetes in Dental Settings and Its Relevance to Dental Practitioners: A Scoping Review.

Paterson Kailey K, Franks Kay K, Wallace Janet J, Sharma Dileep D

Diabetes and periodontal disease are inflammatory conditions where lifestyle interventions such as dietary messages could improve outcomes of both chronic conditions. Dental practitioners could support this behavioral intervention during periodontal treatment and maintenance in people with diabetes and periodontal diseases. However, studies that assess dietary interventions in type 2 diabetes patients within dental context setting are limited. This scoping review was completed based on the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. An initial comprehensive search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases was conducted in May 2024, and again in June 2025. Only English language texts were considered for this review. The target question for the search on available literature was "What evidence is available on dietary counseling of type 2 diabetes patients in dental settings relevant to delivery by dental practitioners?" Initial search resulted in 394 studies with seven studies eligible for inclusion in this scoping review retrieved. Two studies focused on dental treatment along with dietary advice, four studies developed and/or implemented diabetes-periodontitis educational programs, while one study explored the self-reported capabilities of a dental practitioner in delivering education, including dietary advice. While all included studies acknowledged the opportunities for dietary advice in a dental setting, the lack of comparative studies and minimal evidence of delivery by dental practitioners limits the ability to draw strong conclusions. These findings underpin the need for designing a communication tool for dental practitioners in advising type 2 diabetes patients about dietary interventions.

PMID 42504223
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PubMedDentistry journal2026-07-27

Diagnostic Performance of Artificial Intelligence Models for Periodontitis Disease Detection Using Panoramic Radiographs: A Systematic Review.

Almutairi Khalid K, Almanseer Tariq T, Guerrero Enrique España EE, España Antonio José AJ et al.

Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease and a major cause of tooth loss worldwide. Accurate diagnosis requires integration of clinical and radiographic findings, but interpretation of panoramic radiographs is subject to variability. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising adjunct for radiographic assessment. This systematic review evaluated the diagnostic performance of AI-based models for detecting periodontitis using panoramic radiographic images. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified studies published between 1 January 2015 and 1 March 2026. Eligible studies assessed AI models for periodontitis detection on panoramic radiographs and used either clinically confirmed periodontal diagnosis or expert radiographic annotation as the reference standard. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers using the QUADAS-2 tool. Owing to heterogeneity in AI architectures, datasets, and outcome measures, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising more than 20,000 radiographs. AI models included convolutional neural networks (CNNs), segmentation-based systems, and hybrid architectures. Sensitivity ranged from 0.795 to 1.00, specificity from 0.784 to 0.99, and AUC values from 0.843 to 0.967. Studies using clinical periodontal diagnosis as the reference standard generally reported lower performance than those relying solely on expert annotation. Only four studies performed external validation, and dataset sizes varied widely. One study combining panoramic and periapical radiographs showed moderate diagnostic performance. Conclusions: AI-based diagnostic models demonstrate promising performance for detecting periodontitis on panoramic radiographs, with several studies reporting high sensitivity and AUC values. However, heterogeneity in reference standards, limited external validation, and inconsistent dataset quality restrict generalizability. AI should be considered an adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, comprehensive clinical periodontal examination. Standardized datasets and robust external validation are needed to support clinical implementation.

PMID 42505724
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