若生智能
Drug Database
DI

diclofenac (Oxa Gel / diclofenac, topical)

✓ Approved

Actavis · PTGS1 · 小分子

什么是 diclofenac？

diclofenac 是一种小分子，由Actavis研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Transdermal。

药物档案

商品名Oxa Gel, diclofenac, topical
公司Actavis
药物类别小分子
分子靶点PTGS1, PTGS2
给药途径Transdermal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Actavis

作用机制

分子靶点

diclofenac 作用于 2 个分子靶点：

PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (COX3, PCOX1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (GRIPGHS, hCox-2)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

diclofenac 针对 5 个适应症，涉及 3 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersMusculoskeletal pain✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersMyositis✓ Approved
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersRheumatoid arthritis✓ Approved
Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsTraumatic shock✓ Approved
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersActinic keratosisPhase III

相关研究文献

PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-27

Evaluation of Propolis and Diclofenac Sodium Eye Drops for Animals: Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Biological Activity.

Svetikienė Dovilė D, Ambrulaitienė Vita V, Jančiukė Gintarė G, Sarapinienė Ieva I et al.

Eye diseases are common in veterinary clinical practice and are most often treated with topical ophthalmic preparations. Increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents is driving the search for safe and effective alternatives to traditional treatment methods. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate gel-based ophthalmic formulations based on poloxamer 407 and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, containing propolis extracts and diclofenac sodium, by assessing their physical and chemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity in vitro. Propolis extracts were prepared using a solvent consisting of ethanol and choline chloride, and the developed formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, refractive index, gelation temperature, SIRC cell viability and apoptosis, and antimicrobial activity against clinical and reference bacterial strains. The developed formulations exhibited physicochemical properties suitable for ophthalmic preparations and antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. Most of the concentrations of the active ingredients tested were well tolerated by SIRC cells, although higher concentrations of the ethanol propolis extract caused a greater cytotoxic effect. The results obtained indicate that gelled ophthalmic formulations based on propolis extracts and diclofenac sodium are promising for the further development of topically acting ophthalmic preparations; however, their biological efficacy and safety must be confirmed. The results obtained indicate that gelled ophthalmic formulations based on propolis extracts and diclofenac sodium are promising for the further development of topical ophthalmic preparations; however, their bioavailability and safety must be confirmed by further in vivo studies.

PMID 42505333
阅读全文 →
PubMedPatient preference and adherence2026-07-27

Patient Expectations, Safety Concerns, and Adherence to Topical Acne Medications: Findings from a Web-Based Survey.

Yang Yutong Y, Fan Qing Q, Zhang Linglin L, Liu Xiaojing X et al.

Suboptimal adherence to first-line topical medications (eg, topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and topical antibiotics) is a major barrier to effective acne vulgaris (AV) management. The influence of patients' pre-treatment expectations and concerns about adverse effects on adherence behavior remains inadequately quantified. To evaluate young patients' perceptions of acne and their expectations, concerns, and adherence regarding topical medications. A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2023 to January 2024. Patients aged 16-29 with a history of AV and topical medication use were recruited. Data on demographics, disease perception, medication knowledge, usage patterns, and adherence were collected via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics. A total of 501 valid questionnaires were collected. Patients acquired their knowledge about acne through various channels, with dermatologists being the most reliable source of information. Although 82.83% of patients recognized AV as a chronic disease, substantial misconceptions regarding its etiology and treatment persisted. Topical medications were commonly used, most frequently adapalene (40.92%), tretinoin (32.93%), benzoyl peroxide (24.75%), and clindamycin (20.96%). However, patients demonstrated limited knowledge regarding the proper application. Expectations for the onset of topical medications were overly optimistic, whereas the actual duration of use was often inadequate. The information that respondents had the strongest desire to access included the side effects, method of use, onset time, and duration of use. Medication discontinuation was primarily attributed to perceived slow efficacy or concerns about adverse effects, which contributed to a relatively high recurrence rate following treatment cessation. Young patients demonstrated limited comprehension of AV and lacked knowledge of topical medications and their appropriate application, as well as unrealistic expectations regarding onset time. Enhanced education on the nature of AV, along with detailed instructions on topical medication use, is crucial for improving patients' disease awareness and treatment adherence.

PMID 42504315
阅读全文 →
PubMedDermatology and therapy2026-07-27

Adverse Effects of Treatments for Anogenital Warts in Non-immunocompromised Adults: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Saib Réda R, Joly Elisa E, Fouere Sébastien S, Derancourt Christian C et al.

International guidelines for the management of anogenital warts (AGWs) propose multiple first-line options but do not prioritize treatments based on safety or tolerability. This study aimed to compare the safety profiles of topical, systemic, and ablative treatments used for external AGWs in immunocompetent adults. A systematic review and frequentist network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published through August 2025 was performed. Adverse events (AEs) were classified as low-, moderate-, or high-grade local AEs (LGL, MGL, HGL) and low-grade general AEs (LGG). Relative risks were estimated using random-effects models with placebo as the reference. We included 107 RCTs involving 12,423 participants. Ablative procedures were associated with higher rates of moderate-to-severe local AEs compared with topical therapies. Among topical treatments, imiquimod 5% and cidofovir cream were associated with lower rates of severe AEs, whereas podophyllotoxin was more often associated with LGL. SUCRA rankings placed topical treatments above ablative therapies in terms of tolerability. Cidofovir cream demonstrated the best safety profile, followed by imiquimod 5%. This network meta-analysis highlights significant differences in tolerability across AGW treatments and offers a comparative framework for patient-centered therapeutic decision-making. It also emphasizes the need for standardized AE reporting in future trials.

PMID 42507080
阅读全文 →
PubMedKorean journal of anesthesiology2026-07-27

Perioperative management of modern dermatologic medications: an anesthesia-focused narrative review.

Şimşek Oğuz Kaan OK, Aba Fatih Can FC, Yılmaz Yusuf Y

Dermatologic diseases are highly prevalent worldwide and are managed with a broad pharmacologic spectrum ranging from topical agents to biologic therapies. Increasing life expectancy and chronic comorbidities have raised the surgical needs of these patients, creating a demand for careful perioperative management of wound healing, hemostasis, and infection risk, particularly in those receiving immunosuppressive or biologic agents. The existing literature, however, is scattered and largely extrapolated from dermatology, rheumatology, and orthopedic sources. This narrative review aims to provide an anesthesia-focused, evidence-based, drug-class-organized framework for the perioperative management of dermatologic medications in adults undergoing non-dermatologic surgery. Topical agents, systemic retinoids, conventional immunosuppressants, systemic corticosteroids, biologic agents, small molecules, and antimicrobial/antimalarial drugs are reviewed with respect to indications, pharmacokinetics, current guideline recommendations, and clinically relevant drug-anesthesia interactions. In general, most dermatologic medications, including topical agents, conventional immunosuppressants, and oral retinoids, can be safely continued perioperatively. However, biologic agents warrant half-life-based timing, Janus kinase inhibitors should be withheld at least three days before high-infection-risk surgery, and patients on chronic systemic corticosteroids require an individualized stress-dose approach. Specific interactions (isotretinoin-succinylcholine, dapsone-prilocaine, cyclosporine-CYP3A4 substrates, and hydroxychloroquine-QT-prolonging agents) require targeted attention. Because the evidence base is heterogeneous and largely observational, the recommendations are directional rather than definitive, and anesthesiologist-led prospective multicenter studies are needed.

PMID 42504671
阅读全文 →
PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-27

Dextrin Palmitate and Disteardimonium Hectorite Construct a Gel-like EHMC Matrix: Enhanced UVB Photoprotection and Plasma Exposure Modulation.

Li Zhiwei Z, Liang Yonghang Y, Liu Chen C, Wang Weiyan W et al.

2-Ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is among the most widely adopted organic UVB filters in commercial sunscreens. Nevertheless, its practical application potential is limited by unfavorable formulation compatibility and safety risks stemming from systemic exposure after topical administration. In this study, an oil-continuous structured gel matrix consisting of EHMC, disteardimonium hectorite (DDH) and dextrin palmitate (DP) was constructed to enhance UVB photoprotection and modulate the plasma exposure profile of EHMC following topical application. Comprehensive characterizations including rheology, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA and SEM collectively revealed that the combined incorporation of DDH and DP facilitates matrix structural rearrangement, enables EHMC to bind within the structured network, and promotes the formation of more intact continuous surface films. In vitro SPF assays demonstrated that the finished topical formulation SC-4 delivered superior UVB blocking efficacy compared with the EHMC-only control SC-1; furthermore, SC-4 exhibited improved short-term physical stability under the preset thermal and centrifugal acceleration test conditions. Follow-up skin safety assessments, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and pharmacokinetic assays verified that SC-4 elicited no remarkable acute skin irritation across all experimental conditions. Relative to SC-1, the reference formulation with EHMC as the sole UV filter, SC-4 displayed weaker EHMC-related distribution signals in skin tissues, accompanied by lower early plasma EHMC concentrations and a slightly lower AUC0-48h trend. Collectively, these findings indicate that DDH/DP co-assembly serves as a viable matrix-structuring strategy to modulate EHMC-related skin distribution and early plasma exposure. Further research into UVA blocking performance, photostability, skin retention and transdermal permeation profiles, as well as long-term storage stability, is required to advance the development of broad-spectrum sunscreen formulations built on this novel matrix platform.

PMID 42505245
阅读全文 →
PubMedDentistry journal2026-07-27

The Cariostatic Mechanisms of Fluoride-An Updated Review.

Šutej Ivana I, Bašić Krešimir K, Peroš Kristina K

Fluoride remains the keystone of evidence-based caries prevention by stabilizing the mineral balance at the tooth-biofilm-saliva interface. Contemporary understanding emphasizes a predominantly post-eruptive, topical mode of action where fluoride inhibits demineralization and accelerates remineralization. This interfacial catalysis is reinforced by pH-responsive calcium-fluoride-like reservoirs that release fluoride during acid challenges. While community water fluoridation confers population-level reductions, the most effective approach is sustaining low-level fluoride in the biofilm environment. Evidence confirms that toothpastes with 1000-1500 ppm fluoride provide a dose-response benefit in children, while 5000 ppm concentrations are indicated for high-risk scenarios such as root caries and xerostomia. Beyond physicochemical effects, fluoride modulates the oral microbiome by inhibiting bacterial enzymes and proton pumps, shifting community function toward a health-associated state without reducing overall diversity. In restorative dentistry, glass ionomer cements offer superior preventive effects against secondary caries compared to amalgam; however, marginal integrity, adhesive performance, and clinical technique, rather than fluoride release alone, remain the primary determinants of success. Despite well-known risks associated with high systemic intake, such as fluorosis, current evidence does not indicate genotoxic or adverse microbiome effects in humans from routine topical use of standard fluoride products at recommended preventive concentrations. Overall, fluoride's cariostatic value rests on frequent, low-level exposures that maintain tissues in a repair-favoring state.

PMID 42505698
阅读全文 →

注册免费账户还可查看另外 9996 篇文献

免费注册查看全部文献 →

了解更多diclofenac