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testosterone (testosterone, Acrux / LY900011 / Axiron)

✓ Approved

Eli Lilly · AR · 类固醇

什么是 testosterone？

testosterone 是一种类固醇，由Eli Lilly研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Topical、Transdermal。

药物档案

商品名testosterone, Acrux, LY900011, Axiron
公司Eli Lilly
药物类别类固醇, 小分子
分子靶点AR
给药途径Topical, Transdermal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Eli Lilly

作用机制

分子靶点

testosterone 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

testosterone 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedEndocrine connections2026-10-26

Associations Between Testosterone Levels in Men at Age 31 and Quality of Life, Self-Reported Health, and Morbidity at Age 46: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.

A Tuomisto T, P Pinola P, P Pesonen P, Morin-Papunen L L et al.

We investigated self-reported health status, comorbidity, and quality of life (QoL) in men at age 46 across testosterone (T) quartiles at age 31 and evaluated whether differences existed between these quartiles. and methods: The study population was a population-based cohort comprising men born in Northern Finland in 1966. T concentrations were measured at age 31 (n=2691) and categorized into quartiles: Q1<17.2 nmol/L (n=660), Q2=17.2-20.99 nmol/L (n=681), Q3=21.0-25.49 nmol/L (n=664), Q4≥25.5 nmol/L (n=686). The 15D questionnaire and other health and medical condition surveys were administered at age 46. Men in Q1 were more obese, less likely to smoke, and consumed less alcohol compared to men in Q4 (p<0.001 for all). Most men reported average, good, or excellent health, and no significant differences were observed between the T quartiles. Men in Q1 also had a lower prevalence of substance use disorders (p=0.01), were less depressed (p=0.03), and were less sexually active (p=0.03), but exhibited a higher prevalence of metabolic (p<0.001) and gastrointestinal diseases (p=0.004) than men in Q4. After adjusting for waist circumference, there were no significant differences in sexual activity, metabolic, or gastrointestinal diseases. Overall QoL was excellent across study groups and was slightly better in Q1 than in Q4 in adjusted models (p=0.02). The overall QoL was excellent across all T quartiles. In this study population, T levels in adulthood seem not to be associated with notable differences in self-reported health, comorbidity, or quality of life in middle age, especially when adjusted for WC.

PMID 42929789
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PubMedOxford medical case reports2026-10-26

Reproductive congenital anomalies: identifying paths to care within student-run free clinics.

Lee David D, Fong Felicia F, Ghezzi Elena E, Blackmond Nicholas N et al.

Reproductive system congenital anomalies can have debilitating impacts on patient sexual function and reproductive capacity. We present the experience of a 26 year-old phenotypic female patient who identified as female with primary amenorrhea in the student-run free clinic (SRFC) setting. Following clinical evaluation, bloodwork noted an elevated testosterone level. Pelvic ultrasound demonstrated intact bilateral upper genitourinary tracts, bilateral adnexal masses without follicles, with absence of uterus, cervix and upper vagina. Subsequent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging confirmed these findings. Karyotype testing resulted 46XY, confirming androgen insensitivity syndrome. Urologic consultation was obtained, with plans for subsequent referral to a regional SRFC associated with a multi-disciplinary team specializing in reproductive tract anomalies. Unfortunately, despite approvals for charity care and extensive care coordination between the patient and our SRFC, the patient ultimately was lost to follow-up. Despite this suboptimal outcome, this experience provided valuable exposure to rethink how both our SRFCs and others can evolve operations into effective care systems for similar patients in the future. Lessons accrued here provided opportunities to reflect on how to develop a standardized referral and operational framework generalizable to other SRFCs who may care for similar patients.

PMID 42928909
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PubMedJournal of the American Heart Association2026-10-25

Testosterone, Testosterone Replacement Therapy, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Contemporary Review.

Maligireddy Anand Reddy AR, Barua Shumedha T ST, Barua Rajat S RS

Whether low endogenous testosterone is causal for cardiovascular disease, and how the cardiovascular risk of testosterone replacement therapy should now be classified, remain contested, while US labeling has moved in 2 opposing directions within 16 months. We conducted a targeted narrative review reported in accordance with the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles, searching MEDLINE and primary regulatory documents from January 2000 through July 2026. Evidence was graded with a prespecified 3-tier structured author-consensus rating separating established randomized findings, unresolved secondary signals, and evidentiary absence. Low endogenous testosterone is consistently associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality but most plausibly marks multimorbidity rather than causation. TRAVERSE established that physiologic transdermal testosterone replacement therapy was noninferior to placebo for 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events over ∼3 years, within a permissive margin and against a 61% discontinuation rate. Observational analyses linking normalization to lower mortality were not reproduced under randomization. Atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism, acute kidney injury, fracture, and noncalcified plaque progression remain unresolved. Blood pressure rises across the class; on ambulatory monitoring the magnitude differs by individual product rather than by route. Long-term exposure and nontransdermal formulations remain untested, and the age-related-hypogonadism limitation of use is now proposed for removal. Noninferiority over 3 years should not be read as long-term clinical equivalence. Safe use of testosterone replacement therapy requires appropriate patient selection, distinction between pathologic hypogonadism and functional or age-associated low testosterone, mapping of each recommendation to its evidentiary tier, and close multidisciplinary collaboration.

PMID 42924843
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PubMedZhonghua yi xue za zhi2026-10-25

[Expert consensus on testosterone supplementation to alleviate aging-related symptoms in men (2026 edition)].

Male Health Branch of Chinese Health Management Association

Aging is frequently accompanied by a variety of symptoms and changes in physiological indicators that impair men's quality of life. Alleviating aging-related symptoms and improving quality of life in men has become an important public-health goal. Testosterone levels gradually decline in men with advancing age. Accumulating evidence in recent years suggests that exogenous testosterone supplementation may ameliorate selected aging-related symptoms and enhance men's health status. This consensus was developed by the Male Health Management Branch of the Chinese Health Management Association, bringing together experts from endocrinology, andrology, traditional Chinese medicine, nutrition and other disciplines. Based on the latest evidence-based medical evidence, 21 recommendations were formulated focusing on key issues including ameliorating aging-related symptoms, appropriate candidates, risk assessment, medication strategies and monitoring protocols of testosterone supplementaion. It aims to provide guidance for clinicians on the scientific and standardized application of testosterone supplementation to alleviate aging-related symptoms in men.

PMID 42927958
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PubMedMolecular medicine reports2026-10-25

Mechanisms of the interaction between aging of the male reproductive system and obesity, and clinical management strategies (Review).

Luo Dandan D, Zhang Lulu L, Qi Xiangyu X, Guan Qiangbo Q et al.

With the intensification of the aging of the global population, reproductive health problems among middle‑aged and elderly males have emerged as a prominent public health issue. Late‑onset hypogonadism (LOH), primarily induced by an age‑related gradual reduction in serum testosterone, has garnered widespread clinical attention. The present review systematically elaborates the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying testicular aging. Specifically, age‑dependent alterations in Sertoli cells, interstitial cells and spermatogonial stem cells, as well as an imbalance in the testicular immune microenvironment, constitute the inherent pathological basis of testicular functional deterioration. A vicious cycle exists between obesity and testosterone deficiency: Obesity‑triggered insulin resistance, chronic low‑grade inflammation and oxidative stress directly inhibit testosterone synthesis and accelerate testicular aging; in turn, low testosterone levels promote visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance, exacerbating obesity and metabolic disorders. Aging, obesity and testosterone deficiency synergistically drive the pathological progression of LOH. In terms of clinical intervention, the present review classifies the therapeutic strategies for testicular dysfunction induced by genetic, developmental and metabolic disorders based on etiological characteristics. The review also summarizes innovative therapeutic approaches targeting the testicular microenvironment and cellular senescence pathways, as well as frontier research hotspots, including natural product interventions and regenerative medicine. By integrating the interactive mechanisms of testicular aging and obesity and summarizing relevant multidimensional intervention strategies, this review provides a systematic theoretical basis for further exploring the pathogenesis and improving the clinical prevention and treatment system of LOH.

PMID 42924576
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PubMedNeuro-oncology advances2026-10-25

Protective effects of testosterone replacement therapy on brain tumor outcomes: The Mayo Clinic experience.

Bettencourt Manuel M MM, Gandhi Shreya S, Bhandarkar Archis A, Lone Asad A et al.

Biological sex and endocrine signaling influence cancer biology, immune response, and therapeutic outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that testosterone signaling may exert brain-context-dependent protective effects in glioblastoma (GBM) through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reduced glucocorticoid-mediated immune suppression, and altered tumor-immune interactions. We assessed whether testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) exposure was associated with survival in solid tumor central nervous system (CNS) metastases and glioblastoma (GBM, IDH-wildtype, WHO grade 4), settings in which post-diagnosis survival and TRT timing can be clinically defined. We performed a retrospective Mayo Clinic cohort study of adult patients with molecularly confirmed GBM and solid tumor CNS metastases confirmed from neuroimaging reports using large language model-assisted adjudication. TRT exposure was defined by testosterone-specific prescription evidence within prespecified peri-diagnostic windows. Overall survival was evaluated using propensity score-matched Cox models, 24-month administratively censored Cox models, time-dependent Cox sensitivity analyses, and 24-month restricted mean survival time. In the pooled solid tumor CNS metastasis cohort, TRT exposure was associated with improved overall survival after propensity score matching (HR 0.80, 95% CI, 0.65-0.98, P = .029) and a 3.22-month improvement in 24-month restricted mean survival time. In GBM, TRT exposure was similarly associated with improved overall survival after propensity score matching (HR 0.38, 95% CI, 0.14-0.98, P = .046) and a 5.81-month improvement in 24-month restricted mean survival time. TRT exposure was associated with improved survival in CNS metastases and glioblastoma. These hypothesis-generating findings support prospective studies incorporating TRT timing, hormone levels, corticosteroid exposure, immune correlates, and tumor-specific stratification.

PMID 42927412
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