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ampicillin (Bactosone Retard / ampicillin, Cpex)

✓ Approved

CPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. · 小分子 · 小分子

什么是 ampicillin？

ampicillin 是一种小分子，由CPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intramuscular (IM) Injection。

药物档案

商品名Bactosone Retard, ampicillin, Cpex
公司CPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
药物类别小分子
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, CPEX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

治疗适应症

ampicillin 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Infections and infestationsSalmonellosis✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedNature communications2026-10-26

Higher-order epistasis drives evolutionary unpredictability toward new antibiotic resistance.

Gaszek Ilona Kamila IK, Yildiz Muhammed Sadik MS, Meng Zhaoxu Z, de la Paz Jose Alberto JA et al.

Antibiotic resistance has become a critical public health problem, rendering many antibiotics ineffective. In particular, the evolution of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) threatens β-lactams, the cornerstone of bacterial infection treatment. We investigated the evolution of Escherichia coli TEM-1 β-lactamase into ESBLs by constructing a combinatorially complete library of all 55,296 TEM-1 variants from 18 clinical mutations across 13 residues. We obtained over 9,000,000 fitness measurements under native (ampicillin) and non-native (aztreonam) selection. Graph-theoretic and epistatic analyses revealed that ampicillin selection produced weak epistasis and predictable evolutionary trajectories, whereas aztreonam selection induced extensive higher-order epistasis, increasing phenotypic unpredictability. Machine learning identified interpretable epistatic rules shaping these landscapes. Evolutionary statistics, including direct coupling analysis and latent generative landscapes, showed that top-performing ESBL variants followed conserved epistatic patterns observed in natural β-lactamases. Our integrated experimental-computational framework provides a foundation for predicting ESBL evolution and quantifying mutational contributions to ESBL variants.

PMID 42928083
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PubMedVeterinary world2026-10-26

Global epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Vibrio species: A One Health systematic review and meta-analysis.

Thaotumpitak Varangkana V, Anuntawirun Saran S, Roongrojmongkhon Nawaphorn N, Kamble Manoj Tukaram MT et al.

Vibrio spp. are important aquatic bacteria associated with human disease, aquaculture losses, seafood safety, and environmental reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Vibrio spp. may compromise β-lactam therapy and facilitate resistance dissemination across interconnected One Health sectors. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of Vibrio spp. and ESBL-producing isolates and characterize their phenotypic AMR, multidrug resistance (MDR), and resistance-associated genes across human, animal, and environmental sources. Literature published from 2012 to 2024 was systematically retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD420251114318). Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using random-effects models, heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q and I² statistics, and subgroup analyses were conducted by continent and Vibrio species. Risk-of-bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Of 1,120 records identified, 31 studies were included, representing 4,486 samples and 3,242 Vibrio isolates, predominantly from Asia and Africa. The pooled prevalence of Vibrio spp. was 48.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.0-62.7%; I² = 99.37%), whereas ESBL-producing Vibrio spp. had a pooled prevalence of 19.4% (95% CI: 3.2-43.7%; I² = 95.87%). Ampicillin showed the highest pooled β-lactam resistance at 73.6% (95% CI: 58.4-86.4%). The overall pooled MDR prevalence was 31.5% (95% CI: 6.1-64.7%). Resistance varied substantially among Vibrio species, including marked resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in selected species. Among resistance determinants, bla TEM was predominant, with a pooled prevalence of 33.8%, while carbapenemase-associated bla VIM and bla IMP were also detected. Considerable between-study heterogeneity was observed for most outcomes. ESBL-producing and multidrug-resistant Vibrio spp. occur across human, animal, and environmental sources, demonstrating substantial geographical and species-specific variation. The high β-lactam resistance and detection of clinically important resistance determinants emphasize the need for harmonized antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular surveillance, and integrated One Health monitoring to limit the emergence and dissemination of resistant Vibrio spp.

PMID 42928720
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PubMedBMC microbiology2026-10-26

Complete genome sequence and functional analysis of a multidrug-resistant Flavobacterium bizetiae strain isolated from farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Ko Sungjae S, Jun Lyu Jin LJ, Hong Suhee S

Species of the genus Flavobacterium are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and play key roles in nutrient cycling. However, their taxonomic classification is often complicated by high phenotypic similarity, and their potential as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquaculture is a growing concern. This study aimed to resolve the taxonomic status and characterize the resistome and metabolic potential of a Flavobacterium strain isolated from a diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using the PacBio HiFi platform. Taxonomic identification was rigorously confirmed via multiple metrics, including JSpeciesWS (ANI) and the TYGS platform (dDDH and whole-genome phylogenomics). High-quality functional annotation was performed using the state-of-the-art Bakta pipeline, while antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were analyzed using CARD, ISfinder, and IntegronFinder. To validate the genomic findings, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted using disk diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) panels, alongside conventional PCR for targeted resistance gene detection. The complete circular chromosome of 6,402,102 bp was definitively identified as Flavobacterium bizetiae AS-HAN-256023, supported by 100% phylogenomic clustering with the type strain, 95.36% ANIb, and 68.3% dDDH. Phenotypic analysis revealed an extensive multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile (e.g., ampicillin and doxycycline MICs > 128 µg/mL). The resistome comprised 21 ARGs. Crucially, MGE analysis revealed that the "last-resort" carbapenemase JOHN-1 is stably integrated, whereas multiple copies of tet(X2) are actively driven by IS1595-family transposases within an MDR island. Furthermore, the strain possesses an intact Type IX secretion system (T9SS) lacking MGE interruptions, coupled with host-barrier-degrading chitinases (GH18 and GH20), and a robust 6 mA-dominated epigenetic defense system. Notably, while targeted PCR only detected the erm(F) gene, WGS provided a much more comprehensive view of the resistome, capturing 20 additional ARGs missed by the PCR approach. The complete genome sequence of F. bizetiae AS-HAN-256023 has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number JBYJWJ000000000. This study demonstrates that seemingly non-pathogenic environmental isolates like F. bizetiae act as active, functional reservoirs for high-risk, "last-resort" resistance genes in aquaculture settings. The discrepancy between PCR and WGS results underscores the limitations of targeted diagnostic methods and highlights the urgent need for non-targeted, high-resolution genomic surveillance to monitor the dissemination of AMR in the global fishing industry.

PMID 42928103
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PubMedOpen respiratory archives2026-10-25

Empyema Due to Listeria monocytogenes in a Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Martorell María Isabel Colomer MIC, Villar-Álvarez Felipe F

Listeria monocytogenes is an uncommon cause of pleural empyema, particularly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Disease and treatment-related immunosuppression increases susceptibility to invasive listeriosis, which carries significant mortality. A 78-year-old man with seropositive RA treated with methotrexate and low-dose corticosteroids presented with fever, hypotension, pleuritic chest pain, and weakness. Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and elevated C-reactive protein. Imaging revealed a left pleural effusion with lower-lobe collapse. Thoracentesis drained 800 mL of exudative fluid, and cultures of pleural fluid and blood isolated L. monocytogenes. Cranial CT and lumbar puncture performed due to neurological symptoms were normal. High-dose ampicillin plus cotrimoxazole was administered for 7 days, followed by ampicillin monotherapy to complete a total of 14 days of antibiotic treatment, achieving progressive clinical and radiological improvement. Empyema caused by L. monocytogenes is rare and occurs mainly in immunocompromised hosts, with only isolated cases described in RA. This case underscores the need to consider Listeria infection in immunosuppressed RA patients presenting with pleural empyema.

PMID 42921008
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PubMedInternational journal of microbiology2026-10-25

Retail Frozen Blended Beverages as Vehicles for Opportunistic Antibiotic-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Bacteria.

Ababneh Qutaiba Q, Al-Rousan Ekhlas E, Jaradat Ziad Z, Almomani Ghazal G et al.

The consumption of milkshakes, slushies, and smoothies has increased due to their refreshing taste and nutritional benefits. However, the microbiological quality of these beverages poses significant public health concerns. This study is aimed at investigating the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in these popular beverages, addressing a critical gap in food safety research. A total of 150 samples of milkshakes, smoothies, and slushies were collected, and the target bacteria were identified using microbiological and molecular methods. The obtained results revealed the prevalence of coliforms (50%), Klebsiella spp. (37.3%), Escherichia coli (9.3%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.6%), Listeria spp. (4.6%), and Staphylococcus spp. (4%) in the collected samples. Most isolates were sensitive to the tested antibiotics. Acinetobacter baumannii isolates exhibited high resistance levels against tetracycline (71.4%) and doxycycline (57.1%). The highest resistance among the 14 E. coli isolates was observed against ampicillin and sulfonamides (78.6%), while highest resistance rate among the Klebsiella isolates was observed against ampicillin (71.4%). Biofilm-forming ability varied among the isolates. Most Staphylococcus isolates (66.7%) and Acinetobacter isolates (71.4%) demonstrated strong biofilm-forming capacity, whereas the majority of Listeria isolates (85.7%) showed weak biofilm formation. These findings underscore the need for quality control measures to ensure continuous monitoring and enhancement of microbial safety of these products.

PMID 42921020
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PubMedEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2026-10-25

Gentamicin and antibiotic use in Norwegian hospitals: a study from 35 point-prevalence surveys, 2015 to 2023.

Vuković Marta M, Nordtveit Siri S, Skodvin Brita B, Nezvalova-Henriksen Katerina K et al.

BACKGROUNDInappropriate and excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics drives antimicrobial resistance. Gentamicin, an Access antibiotic in the WHO AWaRe framework with low resistance potential, has long been recommended in Norway for empirical treatment of serious infections. However, real-world data on aminoglycoside use remain limited.AIMWe aimed to describe gentamicin and overall antibiotic use in Norway, including COVID-19 pandemic-related changes, and report the extent of gentamicin use across selected indications.METHODSData were obtained from patients ≥ 20 years from 35 national point-prevalence surveys (2015-2023) across 68 Norwegian hospitals.RESULTSAmong 241,546 hospitalised patients, 66,586 received antibiotics (yearly prevalence 26.9-28.1%), with the highest proportions in the 70-79 (26.4%) and ≥ 80 (23.4%) years age groups. Aminoglycosides, mainly gentamicin, ranked ninth among all antibiotic prescriptions. From 2021, third-generation cephalosporins (13-14%) surpassed β-lactamase-sensitive penicillins (12-13%). Gentamicin use increased from 4.1% in 2015 to 5.8% in 2023, mainly in combination with ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, or ampicillin plus metronidazole. Main indications were urinary tract, lower respiratory tract and intraabdominal infections, and sepsis. An increasing pre-COVID-19 pandemic trend in gentamicin use (β1: 0.105; p < 0.001) was no longer observed after the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a global pandemic on the 11 March 2020 (β3:  - 0.112; p = 0.013).CONCLUSIONGentamicin use among hospitalised patients in Norway remains low but appears higher than in other European countries. Increases in gentamicin use pre-COVID-19 pandemic were no longer observed after COVID-19, supporting the need for surveillance and antibiotic stewardship to minimise unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

PMID 42921685
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