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insulin (Univia / rh Insulin / Insulin R)

✓ Approved

Bayer AG · INSR · 重组蛋白

什么是 insulin？

insulin 是一种重组蛋白，由Bayer AG研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intravenous (IV)、Subcutaneous Injection。

药物档案

商品名Univia, rh Insulin, Insulin R
公司Bayer AG
药物类别重组蛋白, 多肽类
分子靶点INSR
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Bayer AG

作用机制

分子靶点

insulin 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

insulin 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026-09-10

Antenatal Corticosteroids in Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Glycemic Response and Management Strategies.

Katz Alexandra A, Shulkin Aidan A, Jacobson Samantha S, Price Chella C et al.

Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) promote foetal lung maturation in pregnancies at risk of preterm birth; however, in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), they can exacerbate maternal glycemia and contribute to adverse neonatal outcomes. Clinical guidelines offer limited direction on optimal treatment adjustment. To synthesize the evidence on glycaemic responses and management strategies following ACS exposure in individuals with GDM. A systematic review of Embase, MEDLINE and CENTRAL in October 2025 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting on glycaemic outcomes and/or management strategies following ACS exposure in individuals with GDM were included. Twenty studies were included. Maternal glycemia rose predictably after ACS, with hyperglycaemia typically emerging within 9-16 h, peaking over the subsequent 24-72 h and often persisting up to 5 days. Among individuals managed with medical nutrition therapy or oral hypoglycaemic agents at baseline, insulin initiation ranged from 13% to 91%. Among those already using insulin, 67%-88% required dose escalation, with mean increases typically ranging from 47% to 91%. Pregnancy-adapted intravenous insulin (IVI) pathways reported higher time-in-range and fewer hyperglycaemic/hypoglycaemic events than adult IVI protocols. However, emerging evidence suggests that structured, pregnancy-specific subcutaneous insulin protocols may achieve comparable or improved glycaemic control. ACS exposure in GDM is associated with a predictable but variable, transient deterioration in maternal glycaemia. GDM-specific evidence suggests that structured pregnancy-adapted monitoring and insulin-adjustment pathways may help attenuate post-ACS hyperglycaemia. However, the evidence remains heterogeneous and largely observational. Prospective studies are needed to validate GDM-specific algorithms, clarify thresholds for insulin initiation or escalation and define indications for subcutaneous versus IVI.

PMID 42717529
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PubMedClinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes2026-09-10

Efficacy and Safety of an Insulin Patch Pump Compared to Multiple Daily Injections in Pediatric Patients With Diabetes: A Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover, Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial.

Fu Junfen J, Wu Jin J, Hui Yao Y, Zhu Weiwei W et al.

Insulin patch pumps offer advantages over multiple daily injections (MDI) for pediatric diabetes, but randomized trial evidence in Chinese children remains limited. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a tubeless insulin patch pump (Equil™) compared with MDI in children and adolescents with diabetes. This multicenter, open-label, randomized, crossover, non-inferiority trial was conducted at seven pediatric endocrinology centers in China (September 2021 - October 2022). Patients aged 3-17 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were randomized 1:1 to receive continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via Equil™ or MDI via insulin pen for 5 days, followed by crossover. The primary outcome was mean blood glucose (MBG). Non-inferiority margin was pre-specified as 0.386 mmol/L. Secondary outcomes included glycemic variability (standard deviation of blood glucose, SDBG), glycated albumin (GA), total daily insulin dose (TDD), hypoglycemia frequency, and adverse events. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a study-specific 11-item questionnaire. Of 74 enrolled patients, 72 (97.3%) completed the study. CSII demonstrated non-inferiority to MDI for MBG (8.43±1.88 mmol/L, n=74, vs 9.00±2.04 mmol/L, n=72); mean difference -0.606 mmol/L; 95% CI -0.988 to -0.223; upper CI limit -0.223 < non-inferiority margin 0.386. No significant differences were observed for secondary outcomes (SDBG: 3.019 vs 3.357; GA change: 2.52±3.03% vs 2.02±3.25%, p=0.184; TDD: 132.17±78.43 vs 147.52±91.59 IU, p=0.159; hypoglycemia events: 114 vs 106). Adverse event rates were similar (75.7% vs 69.4%, p=0.399); no serious adverse events occurred. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher with CSII (total score 21.03±4.47 vs 22.00±3.99; mean difference -0.97, 95% CI -1.75 to -0.19; p=0.015), with 68.1% of patients preferring the patch pump. The Equil™ patch pump is non-inferior to MDI in terms of glycemic control and safety for pediatric diabetes patients, with higher patient satisfaction. These findings support the patch pump as an effective alternative for children and adolescents requiring exogenous insulin therapy.

PMID 42719483
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PubMedFrontiers in psychiatry2026-09-10

Age-stratified fat-soluble vitamin profiles and exploratory analyses of potential links to disease risk and core autistic symptoms among children with ASD: a propensity score matching case-control study.

Xin Yingying Y, Liu Jingbo J, Dai Taoying T, Xia Ting T

To evaluate serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin D2 (VD2), vitamin A (VA), total vitamin D (total VD), and vitamin E (VE)) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), to analyze their correlation with autistic symptoms, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical nutritional intervention in ASD. A propensity score matching (PSM) case-control study was designed, enrolling 50 children diagnosed with ASD at Wuhan Children's Hospital from January 2023 to December 2025 and 50 typically developing (TD) children undergoing routine physical examinations. With age, sex, BMI and season of blood sampling as covariates, Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the differences in fat-soluble vitamin levels between the ASD and TD groups. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association between fat-soluble vitamin levels and the risk of ASD. Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied for multiple testing of all the vitamin indicators. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationship between vitamin levels and autistic symptoms. After adjustment, serum levels of VD3 and VE in the ASD group were significantly higher than those in the TD group (p < 0.05). Significant age-by-group interactions were observed for VE, VD3, and total VD. Age-stratified ANCOVA analysis showed that the log-transformed VD3 (log VD3) elevation in ASD versus TD children was significant only in the older subgroup and increased with age, whereas no significant group differences were detected for total VD or VE within either age stratum. Our findings revealed no statistically significant association between VD3 levels and ASD risk or core symptoms. Age-dependent subtype-specific differences of fat-soluble vitamins exist in children with ASD, with higher log VD3 only observed in older autistic patients. Unadjusted analyses showed tentative correlations between VD3 and ASD risk as well as repetitive behaviors, which disappeared after FDR correction. Clinically, VD3 and total VD should be assessed separately by age for autistic children. Routine VD screening, with longitudinal monitoring tailored to age, is recommended to guide personalized nutritional management.

PMID 42718663
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PubMedmicroPublication biology2026-09-10

Gene model for the ortholog of Pi3K21B in Drosophila ananassae.

Backlund Anne E AE, Brigham Wyatt W, Dunne Clare C, Youngblom James J JJ et al.

Gene model for the ortholog of Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 21B ( Pi3K21B ) in the May 2011 (Agencourt dana_caf1/DanaCAF1) Genome Assembly (GenBank Accession: GCA_000005115.1 ) of Drosophila ananassae . This ortholog was characterized as part of a developing dataset to study the evolution of the Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS) across the genus Drosophila using the Genomics Education Partnership gene annotation protocol for Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences.

PMID 42719057
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PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-09-10

Insulin is central, plasmapheresis is salvage: clinical spectrum and management of severe hypertriglyceridemia in 21 children with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Liu Meijuan M, Wu Di D, Su Chang C

Severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG), characterized by plasma triglycerides (TG)>11.3 mmol/L is a rare but serious complication in children who develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, the current body of evidence is predominantly composed of case reports, highlighting a substantial gap in both the understanding and management of this condition. This was a retrospective electronic medical record review of pediatric patients with DKA complicated by SHTG who were referred to the Beijing Children's Hospital over a 10-year period. A total of 21 pediatric patients with DKA complicated by SHTG were identified, with a male-to-female ratio of 8:13. The median age at diagnosis was 11.3 years [interquartile range (IQR) 10.5-13.2, range 2.0-17.4], with approximately 76.2% (16/21) of patients aged ≥10 years. Among these patients, 10 were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 5 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 6 with unclassified diabetes mellitus. 17 patients were newly diagnosed with diabetes, whereas 4 had a history of pre-existing diabetes. Notably, 3 of these 4 patients had discontinued insulin prior to admission. In terms of complications, 7 patients had acute pancreatitis. Regarding treatment, all patients received insulin therapy, among whom 7 patients were treated with plasmapheresis. Compared with insulin therapy alone, the plasmapheresis group showed a shorter median time to achieve the TG level <5.6 mmol/L, though this finding should be interpreted cautiously due to potential selection bias. Among the 7 patients who received plasmapheresis, 4 developed venous thrombosis. During follow-up, patients who underwent plasmapheresis maintained stable lipid profiles and achieved complete resolution of thrombosis. We present the largest single-center experience on SHTG in pediatric patients with DKA, with a particular focus on plasmapheresis. We recommend early assessment of dyslipidemia and pancreatic enzymes in patients with DKA. Insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of management. However, in children who show unsatisfactory reduction in triglyceride levels or persistent abdominal pain despite insulin treatment, prompt initiation of plasma exchange may be considered as a rescue therapy to rapidly lower TG levels, which could potentially mitigate the risk of developing or worsening acute pancreatitis. This hypothesis requires validation in larger prospective studies.

PMID 42718762
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PubMedDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026-09-10

Dose-Normalised Time in Range (dn-TIR) Improves Following Hybrid Closed-Loop (HCL) Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes: A Real-World Cohort Study From Australia and the United Kingdom.

Wellens-Mensah Jude J, Konantambigi Akash A, Lopez Keimee K, Triay Jessica J et al.

To evaluate dose-normalised time in range (dn-TIR) and its log relative change (Δdn-TIR) as measures of within-person glycaemic change relative to total daily insulin exposure following hybrid closed-loop therapy (HCL/AID). We conducted a retrospective two-cohort study of people with type 1 diabetes commencing hybrid closed-loop/automated insulin delivery (HCL/AID) therapy in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK). dn-TIR was calculated as time in range (TIR) 3.9-10.0 mmol/L (70-180 mg/dL) divided by total daily insulin dose (TDD) and Δdn-TIR as log[(TIR/TDD)post/(TIR/TDD)pre]. The study comprised 86 people living with type 1 diabetes in Australia and 288 in the UK. In the fixed Australian dn-TIR cohort, TIR increased from 53.2% ± 20.7% to 70.4% ± 14.6% (n = 86; p < 0.001), whereas mean TDD changed from 53.3 to 52.0 units/day (n = 86; p = 0.724). Median Δdn-TIR was 0.224 [IQR: -0.033, 0.583]. In the UK cohort, TIR increased from a median 54% [34, 68] to 66% [54, 74] (n = 257; p < 0.001), whereas mean TDD changed from 44.1 to 46.3 units/day (n = 242; p = 0.152). Median Δdn-TIR was 0.194 [IQR: -0.097, 0.541]. HCL/AID therapy improved TIR relative to TDD in two real-world cohorts. dn-TIR and Δdn-TIR are not replacements for established CGM metrics or direct measures of insulin sensitivity; they may provide an adjunct longitudinal description of whether glycaemic improvement was accompanied by proportionately greater, similar or lower insulin exposure.

PMID 42717560
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