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equine antithymocyte globulin (Thymogam)

✓ Approved

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited · 多克隆抗体 · 多克隆抗体

什么是 equine antithymocyte globulin？

equine antithymocyte globulin 是一种多克隆抗体，由Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intravenous (IV)。

药物档案

商品名Thymogam
公司Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited
药物类别多克隆抗体, 抗体
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intravenous (IV)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited

治疗适应症

equine antithymocyte globulin 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 2 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAplastic anaemia✓ Approved
Immune system disordersSolid organ transplant rejection✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedVeterinary world2026-10-26

Serological and molecular detection and phylogenetic characterization of Taylorella equigenitalis in horses in Iraq.

Hussein Zaid Salah ZS, Radhy Amanee Mohammed AM, Mosa Saba Thamer ST, Gharban Hasanain A J HAJ

Contagious equine metritis caused by Taylorella equigenitalis is an important venereal disease of equids that can impair reproductive performance and facilitate transmission through clinically inapparent carriers. Information on T. equigenitalis infection in Iraqi horses remains limited. This study aimed to determine the serological and molecular occurrence of T. equigenitalis in horses in Iraq, evaluate associations with clinical and epidemiological factors, and characterize PCR-positive isolates using sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 157 adult horses from Baghdad, Babylon, Nineveh, and Wasit provinces were examined from March to September 2025. Clinical information was recorded, and blood and genital swab samples were collected. Serum samples were examined using a qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas DNA extracted from genital swabs was subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. PCR-positive products were sequenced, submitted to GenBank, and analyzed phylogenetically. Associations between infection status and clinical and epidemiological variables were statistically evaluated. Of the 157 horses, 52 (33.12%) were ELISA-positive and 23 (14.65%) were PCR-positive for T. equigenitalis. Twenty-one (13.38%) horses were positive by both methods, 31 (19.74%) were ELISA-positive/PCR-negative, two (1.27%) were ELISA-negative/PCR-positive, and 103 (65.61%) were negative by both methods. In mares, seropositivity was significantly associated with reproductive disorders, with the highest proportion detected among those with abnormal vaginal discharge (68.42%), whereas PCR positivity was highest among mares with infertility (50%). Seropositivity was higher in horses aged >10 years (62.86%) and females (52.38%), whereas PCR positivity was highest among horses aged >5-6 years (38.1%) and females (25%). Sequencing of 23 PCR-positive isolates generated GenBank accession numbers PZ146151.1-PZ146173.1. The Iraqi isolates showed 97.18%-99.12% sequence identity with an Iranian T. equigenitalis isolate (DQ840456.1). The findings provide serological and molecular evidence of T. equigenitalis infection among horses in Iraq and demonstrate associations with reproductive and epidemiological characteristics. Combined serological and molecular surveillance, routine screening of breeding horses, and higher-resolution molecular studies are warranted to clarify transmission dynamics and strengthen prevention and control strategies.

PMID 42928766
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PubMedVeterinary and animal science2026-10-25

Ivermectin enhances the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines in equine leukocytes stimulated with LPS and nigericin.

Apaoblaza Sofia S, Albornoz Alejandro A, Henriquez Claudio C, Quiroga John J et al.

Ivermectin has been reported to exert immunomodulatory effects on the innate immune system; however, the available evidence is contradictory, with both anti-inflammatory and, paradoxically, pro-inflammatory effects described depending on species, dose, and experimental context, while data specific to horses remain scarce. We hypothesised that ivermectin would exert a context-dependent immunomodulatory effect on equine leucocytes. To test this, total leucocytes isolated from six healthy horses were incubated with ivermectin (2 and 4 µg/mL) before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nigericin. Gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-18, together with key components of the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC/PYCARD, and CASP-1), was quantified by RT-qPCR, and leucocyte viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Ivermectin significantly increased transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 following LPS and nigericin stimulation, without affecting leucocyte viability at concentrations up to 12 µg/mL. In contrast, the gene expression of NLRP3, ASC/PYCARD, and CASP-1 was not significantly altered. As the study assessed only mRNA levels, without markers of functional inflammasome activation, this finding is reported as secondary and exploratory rather than as evidence that the canonical inflammasome pathway is uninvolved. Overall, these results provide novel evidence of a pro-inflammatory transcriptional effect of ivermectin in equine leucocytes, a species markedly underrepresented in this field, and underscore the need for further studies using pharmacokinetically relevant concentrations and protein-level or functional assessments to clarify the underlying mechanisms and the clinical relevance of these effects in equine inflammatory conditions.

PMID 42927118
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PubMedJournal of reproductive immunology2026-10-25

Ex vivo γ-globulin treatment of oocytes in women with anticentromere antibody-related infertility: An exploratory phase I/II study.

Teramoto Shokichi S, Ueno Tsuyoshi T, Aono Fumihito F, Miyauchi Osamu O et al.

Anticentromere antibodies (ACAs) impair chromosome segregation of oocytes and embryos, contributing to repeated in vitro fertilization failure. We evaluated whether ex vivo γ-globulin supplementation of oocyte culture medium could improve reproductive outcomes without systemic administration of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. This prospective study enrolled women aged 30-46 years with infertility and ACA titres ≥ 1:640 undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. In Phase I, 40 oocytes underwent parallel dose-ranging at 0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% γ-globulin. No concentration met the prespecified criterion for an unacceptable reduction in fertilization with ≥ 1 pronucleus, and 2.0% was selected for Phase II. The γ-globulin-treated cohort (n = 16) was compared with historical controls (n = 28) and age-matched ACA-negative controls. In the primary oocyte-based analysis, normal fertilization rates were similar between treatment and historical control groups, whereas treatment was associated with higher good-quality blastocyst (9.6% vs. 4.2%; risk ratio [RR], 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-4.93) and live birth rates (4.0% vs. 0.4%; RR, 11.40; 95% CI, 1.35-96.58). A patient-based analysis similarly showed a higher cumulative live birth rate than in historical controls (31.3% vs. 3.6%; P = 0.018). A supplementary age-adjusted mixed-effects analysis accounting for clustering within patients and retrievals yielded a consistent but imprecise association with higher odds of live birth (adjusted OR, 12.02; 95% CI, 1.38-104.45; P = 0.024). Several oocyte-based developmental outcomes remained lower than in ACA-negative controls. These findings provide preliminary proof of concept, with potential benefit observed in isolated oocytes without immune cells. Further studies are required.

PMID 42925648
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PubMedVeterinary medicine international2026-10-25

Associated Proteins' Proteomic Profiling of Equine Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Diabetic Wound Healing Regeneration.

Deliaputri Ruchianasari R, Budipitojo Teguh T, Haryanto Aris A, Purwaningrum Medania M

Exosome-based cell-free therapies have shown significant potential to enhance diabetic ulcer healing. Exosomes derived from equine periodontal ligament stem cells (ePDLSCs) offer a viable alternative for regenerative wound-healing treatments. This study aimed to characterize and analyze the protein composition of these exosomes and assess their efficacy in treating diabetic wounds in vivo. This study employed RT-qPCR and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) to isolate and characterize ePDLSCs-exosomes, western blot analysis of ePDLSCs-exosomes, proteomic protein profile analysis of ePDLSCs-exosomes using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), western blot analysis for ACTB and VIM, potential protein profiling with proteomic analysis data associated with wound healing (Reactome, gene ontology [GO], KEGG pathways analysis), and assessment of ePDLSCs-exosome gel in vivo wound healing of diabetic ulcer wounds. The findings of this study reveal that exosomes derived from ePDLSCs, as shown by NTA, had a size distribution of approximately 114 ± 39 nm and expressed the exosome surface marker CD9. ePDLSCs-exo contained 35 proteins with potential involvement in wound healing, with the largest PSMs being annexin 2 (ANXA2), actin beta (ACTB), and vimentin (VIM), as shown in Western blot analysis. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the potential biological significance and signaling pathways of proteins supporting wound healing identified from ePDLSCs-exo. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed ePDLSCs-exosomes impacted diabetic wound healing, with higher healing rates in the exosome-treated group. Exosomes derived from ePDLSCs have demonstrated regenerative and healing properties, particularly in the context of tissue damage associated with diabetes.

PMID 42921097
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PubMedAnnals of African medicine2026-10-25

Second-trimester Maternal Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 to Sex Hormone-binding Globulin Ratio as a Predictor of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: A Prospective Observation Study from North India.

Sachan Rekha R, Sharma Shikha S, Shyam Radhey R, Patel Munna Lal ML et al.

The ratio of maternal serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4) to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) has emerged as a promising proteomic predictor, but validation in high-burden settings including India is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of the second-trimester IGFBP-4/SHBG ratio for spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) and association with fetomaternal outcome. A prospective observational study was carried out over a period of 1 year. A total of 190 singleton pregnant women between 16 and 21 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Maternal serum IGFBP-4 and SHBG levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique using an ELISA kit as per the producer protocol. Participants were followed till delivery and categorized into Group A preterm (delivery <37 weeks, n = 54) and Group B term (delivery ≥37 weeks, n = 136). Predictive accuracy (AUROC) of the ratio for PTB was assessed. Fetomaternal outcomes were analyzed. The PTB rate was 28.4%, and the second-trimester IGFBP-4/SHBG ratio was significantly higher in Group A than Group B (0.619 ± 0.399 vs. 0.191 ± 0.242; P < 0.001). ROC analysis for the ratio at enrollment yielded an AUC of 0.906 (95% confidence interval: 0.859-0.952). At a cutoff >0.188, the ratio showed 94.4% sensitivity and 79.4% specificity for predicting PTB. A raised baseline ratio was significantly associated with spontaneous preterm delivery (86.1% preterm vs. 37.8% term, P < 0.001), similarly low birth weight (74.7% vs. 36.0%, P < 0.001), low 5-min Apgar (10.1% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.001), and increased neonatal intensive care unit admission (P = 0.031). The second-trimester maternal serum IGFBP-4/SHBG ratio is a highly sensitive and specific predictor for spontaneous PTB. It also correlates strongly with adverse neonatal outcomes.

PMID 42925268
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PubMedFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026-10-25

Strategies for the detection and prevention of human cytomegalovirus from pregnancy to the neonatal period.

Hu Pei P, Chen Wenjie W, Zhou Ying Y, Yu Mengyao M et al.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of congenital infection worldwide. Maternal infection with HCMV during pregnancy may lead to adverse fetal outcomes and long-term sequelae of congenital infection. In this review, we summarized three specimen sources, their corresponding valid indicators, and mainstream detection methods. Prevention strategies administered based on the results of these tests aim to reduce the risks of maternal infection and maternal-fetal transmission and the development of complications following congenital infection through behavioral and hygiene-related interventions, vaccination, and hyperimmune globulin and antiviral agent administration. In this review, we presented a flowchart for full-process HCMV infection management, which covers three levels of prevention nodes, confirmatory tests at each level, and corresponding interventional approaches. Future efforts require support from the funding, institutional, and educational sectors to accelerate the development of sensitive and inexpensive methods for the rapid identification of potential biomarkers.

PMID 42920901
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