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equine antithymocyte globulin (Thymogam)

✓ Approved

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited · 多克隆抗体 · 多克隆抗体

什么是 equine antithymocyte globulin？

equine antithymocyte globulin 是一种多克隆抗体，由Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intravenous (IV)。

药物档案

商品名Thymogam
公司Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited
药物类别多克隆抗体, 抗体
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intravenous (IV)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited

治疗适应症

equine antithymocyte globulin 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 2 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAplastic anaemia✓ Approved
Immune system disordersSolid organ transplant rejection✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-09-10

Superior outcomes with offspring B-leader-matched haploidentical versus older matched sibling donors in AL/MDS patients aged ≥40 years.

Wei Yujun Y, Tang Jingwen J, Yang Ruoling R, Shao Yangliu Y et al.

With advancing safety profiles in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), determining whether HLA-matched siblings remain the optimal donor choice for older adults (≥40 years) and whether haploidentical-HSCT demonstrates superior survival outcomes have become pivotal focuses in transplantation research. The goal of this study was to explore the efficacy of haploidentical or matched sibling allo-HSCT in patients over the age of 40 years with acute leukemia (AL) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), with a prespecified primary endpoint of GVHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS). In this retrospective study, 195 consecutive AL/MDS patients (≥40 years) who received allo-HSCT between December 2014 and December 2023 were included and analyzed using a 1:2 matched-pair design. All patients received antithymocyte globulin (ATG)-based GVHD prophylaxis. The cohort comprised 130 patients with haploidentical donors (HIDs) and 65 with HLA-matched sibling donors (MSDs). Patients who received transplants from offspring haploidentical donors with mismatched DRB1 exhibited a significantly lower 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (15.4%) than those who received MSDs-HSCT (45.3%) or transplants from offspring haploidentical DRB1-matched donors (26.7%; p < 0.001). However, the 5-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was highest in the offspring haploidentical B-leader-mismatched group (43.8%) compared with that in the B-leader-matched group (15.4%) and MSDs group (6.3%). Accordingly, in univariate analysis, recipients of offspring haploidentical B-leader-matched donors exhibited superior OS and DFS compared with recipients of older MSDs or offspring B-leader-mismatched donors; multivariate analysis further identified B-leader matching as an independent protective factor against NRM and an independent factor associated with improved GRFS. In AL/MDS patients aged ≥40 years, offspring haploidentical B-leader-matched donors were associated with favorable survival outcomes compared with older MSDs, primarily driven by reduced NRM; additionally, DRB1 mismatching was independently associated with reduced relapse.

PMID 42718582
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PubMedFrontiers in veterinary science2026-09-10

Non-coding RNA profiles associated with equine osteoarthritis: a systematic review.

Khaliji Elham E, Wong Talia Sonnenschein TS, Barker Christopher Michael CM, Chen Shuai S et al.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by regulating gene expression related to inflammation, chondrocyte apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. In horses, OA is a leading cause of lameness and poor performance, with no current treatments halting disease progression and no clear biomarker available. Although some studies have investigated expression profiles of ncRNAs in equine OA, there is a need to systematically review previous efforts and synthesize information to identify potential ncRNAs to target in future research. The search strategy was developed using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Studies (PICOS) framework. A comprehensive search of Scopus, ScienceDirect, CAB Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, and Web of Science Core Collection identified studies written in English published through June 30, 2025, using comprehensive terms for ncRNAs in equine osteoarthritis. Eligible studies assessed differential ncRNAs expression profiles in natural and experimentally induced OA and control equids. Individual ncRNAs were categorized based on frequency across different studies: 1) identified in three or more samples across studies, 2) identified in two samples across studies or 3) unique to one sample in a single study. Differential expression (log2fold change) with p-values were extracted for each ncRNA and visualized using heatmaps. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, including four longitudinal and four case-control studies. Three investigated natural OA, four analyzed surgically induced OA and one employed a chemically induced OA model. Most studies utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze ncRNAs, while two used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three NGS studies included PCR validation. Multiple ncRNAs were identified, with microRNAs (miRNAs) being the most frequently found, followed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Among ncRNAs reported in at least three types of samples across independent studies, let-7a, miR-1307, miR-144, miR-744, and miR-98 were significantly upregulated, whereas miR-10a and miR-29b were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Our findings of specific ncRNAs with shared expression profiles across multiple equine OA studies support their potential as OA biomarkers. Further research is necessary to determine the role of ncRNAs in OA development, such as contributions to cartilage degeneration, inflammation, and apoptosis, and to evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets.

PMID 42719329
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PubMedFrontiers in veterinary science2026-09-10

Epidemiological study of strongyle infections in equines in Egypt: prevalence and risk factors.

Selim Abdelfattah A, Marzok Mohamed M, Gattan Hattan S HS, Alruhaili Mohammed H MH et al.

Equine strongylosis is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal parasitic diseases affecting horses and donkeys worldwide, leading to reduced health, productivity, and working performance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal strongyle infection and identify associated risk factors among equines in three Egyptian governorates. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 540 horses and donkeys. Fresh fecal samples were collected and examined using the magnesium sulfate flotation technique for the detection of strongyle eggs. Associations between infection and potential risk factors were evaluated using chi-square analysis, followed by multivariable logistic regression to identify independent predictors of infection. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal strongyle infection was 39% (214/550). Horses showed a slightly higher prevalence (40%) than donkeys (37%). Infection was significantly associated with sex, age, management system, body condition score, and deworming history (P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression identified male sex (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7-4.4), age <2 years (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.8-5.2), grazing management (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.8-6.6), poor body condition (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3-5.9), and absence of regular deworming (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 2.4-7.1) as significant independent risk factors for strongyle infection. Gastrointestinal strongyle infection is common among Egyptian equines and is associated with several management- and host-related factors. Improving grazing management, implementing strategic deworming programs, and enhancing owner awareness are likely to reduce infection risk and improve equine health and productivity. Future studies incorporating quantitative fecal egg counts and molecular characterization are recommended to better assess infection intensity and parasite diversity.

PMID 42719789
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PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-09-10

Sequential antibody induction for immune tolerance in clinical organ transplantation: a feasibility review of immunosuppressant withdrawal protocols.

Li Yachao Y, Chen Fuxia F, He Xia X, Yan Lian L et al.

Long-term immunosuppressant use after solid organ transplantation causes serious complications, including chronic rejection, infection, malignancy, and metabolic disorders, which has motivated the clinical pursuit of immune tolerance induction. Sequential antibody induction protocols - using peri-transplant antibodies (e.g., alemtuzumab, anti-thymocyte globulin, belatacept, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies) combined with phased reduction or withdrawal of maintenance drugs - aim to establish "operational tolerance" or complete tolerance. This review systematically examines the immunological rationale and major clinical strategies (T-cell depletion, costimulation blockade, mixed chimerism, and regulatory cell therapy). Based on efficacy, safety, and feasibility, we propose four novel sequential regimens with explicit evidence levels. Our multidimensional feasibility assessment - covering cost, complexity, risk-benefit, patient selection, and regulatory barriers - indicates that costimulation-blockade protocols currently offer the best balance for near-term clinical use, whereas chimerism approaches are the most effective but remain restricted to specialised centres. Future work should integrate precise immune stratification, advanced antibody engineering, and cell-based therapies to facilitate individualized sequential protocols, ultimately moving the field from lifelong immunosuppression to controlled immune tolerance.

PMID 42719099
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PubMedJournal of the National Cancer Institute2026-09-10

Endocrine Biomarker Changes in a Randomised Low-Dose Tamoxifen Trial for Breast Cancer Prevention.

Nash Stephen S, Hammarström Mattias M, Thörngen John-Olof JO, Winqvist Ola O et al.

Tamoxifen reduces breast cancer incidence and recurrence, but uptake for primary prevention remains limited, largely because of concerns regarding adverse effects at the standard 20 mg dose. Understanding systemic endocrine effects of lower tamoxifen doses may help improve future prevention strategies. We analysed data from 1,055 healthy women enrolled in the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled KARISMA trial, assigned to placebo or tamoxifen 1, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg daily for 6 months. Plasma concentrations of endocrine biomarkers and tamoxifen metabolites were measured at study end. Associations between randomised tamoxifen dose, circulating metabolite concentrations, and endocrine biomarker plasma concentration (estrogens, androgens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)), were evaluated. Tamoxifen dose was associated with measurable endocrine changes after six months, most consistently increased SHBG levels, with additional associations observed for cortisol and hydroxyprogesterone. SHBG demonstrated the clearest dose-response relationship, with increasing levels across tamoxifen dose groups and evidence of attenuated increase at intermediate doses. Large relative differences between placebo and 20 mg tamoxifen were additionally observed for estrone, estrone sulphate and estradiol. Unadjusted analyses of circulating endoxifen showed broadly similar endocrine patterns; however, these associations were substantially attenuated after adjustment for randomised tamoxifen dose. Circulating tamoxifen metabolites were strongly correlated with administered dose and with one another. Low-dose tamoxifen was associated with measurable endocrine changes, particularly in SHBG, cortisol, and hydroxyprogesterone. These findings show endocrine pharmacodynamic responses during low-dose tamoxifen therapy warrants further investigation as a potential component of future individualised prevention and adjuvant endocrine therapy strategies. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03346200.

PMID 42720596
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PubMedFrontiers in veterinary science2026-09-10

Serum physiology, fecal microbiota, and metabolome signatures associated with perinatal stage transitions in Mongolian mares.

Liu Yuanyi Y, He Qianqian Q, Wang Gen G, Wu Zhenyou Z et al.

Lactation is a critical reproductive trait that influences offspring survival and livestock productivity in equine production. Characterizing physiological transitions during the perinatal period can improve our understanding of how mares adapt to late gestation, parturition, and early lactation. However, in horses-a typical monogastric herbivore with unique digestive characteristics-the associations between gut microbiota and perinatal physiological adaptation, as well as related stage-associated microbial and metabolic features, remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, parallel profiling of serum physiology, fecal microbiota, and fecal metabolome was performed to identify candidate stage-associated microbial and metabolic features across three perinatal stages (pre-foaling, PF; post-foaling, PoF; early lactation, EL) in 19 multiparous Mongolian mares selected from a local breeding herd with records of normal foaling and healthy weaning. We further systematically determined serum biochemical indicators, reproductive hormones and immune parameters to interpret host physiological adaptive characteristics linked to lactogenesis. Obvious stage-specific physiological patterns were observed: triglycerides, urea and mineral elements were present at higher serum concentrations during the pre-foaling period, which may support fetal gestation; serum glucose was higher after parturition, which may meet the energy demands of delivery and early lactation; serum IgA concentration was higher in early lactation, which may be consistent with enhanced mucosal immune activation. Of note, serum IgA does not directly reflect colostral IgA concentrations or foal passive immunity. Alpha diversity of fecal microbiota was lower during the post-foaling stage, and each perinatal stage was associated with distinct fecal microbial community structures. Microbial taxa potentially associated with carbohydrate fermentation were more abundant in the pre-foaling period; the post-foaling stage was associated with an increased relative abundance of Akkermansia, which is consistent with a possible role in intestinal barrier maintenance, along with increased PICRUSt2-predicted abundance of galactose metabolism pathways; microbial taxa potentially related to lipid metabolism and bile secretion features were predominant in early lactation. This study systematically characterized stage-specific remodeling patterns of fecal microbiota and fecal metabolome during the perinatal transition in Mongolian mares. The identified fecal microbial taxa and metabolites are described as candidate stage-associated discriminatory features rather than validated biomarkers.

PMID 42718734
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