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equine antithymocyte globulin (Thymogam)

✓ Approved

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited · 多克隆抗体 · 多克隆抗体

什么是 equine antithymocyte globulin？

equine antithymocyte globulin 是一种多克隆抗体，由Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intravenous (IV)。

药物档案

商品名Thymogam
公司Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited
药物类别多克隆抗体, 抗体
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intravenous (IV)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited

治疗适应症

equine antithymocyte globulin 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 2 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAplastic anaemia✓ Approved
Immune system disordersSolid organ transplant rejection✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedJournal of virology2026-07-27

Equine infectious anemia virus Mat protein serves as a Tat cofactor to facilitate viral transcription.

Zhang Xiangmin X, Ma Weiwei W, Ma Xiaohua X, Guo Xing X et al.

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the Lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family and serves as an important model for studying lentiviral pathogenesis. A novel EIAV-encoded protein, designated Mat, was previously identified in our laboratory, yet its biological functions remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that disruption of Mat moderately reduced EIAV replication in equine monocyte-derived macrophages, and this defect was restored when Mat was supplied in trans. Further analyses revealed that Mat exhibits nuclear localization and enhances Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat (LTR), an essential and conserved step in lentiviral replication, by interacting with viral Tat and the host factor Cyclin T1 (CycT1), but not with the trans-acting responsive RNA element (TAR) within the LTR. Moreover, we found that Mat stabilizes EIAV Tat (eTat) and promotes the association of eTat with both TAR and equine CycT1. These findings indicate that Mat serves as a cofactor of Tat to regulate EIAV replication.IMPORTANCEIn lentiviruses, Tat-mediated activation of the LTR promoter is essential for viral replication. Mechanistically, Tat binds to TAR (a structured RNA at the 5' end of nascent viral transcripts, corresponding to the R region of the LTR), recruits host factors, including CycT1, and facilitates RNA polymerase II elongation, thereby promoting efficient production of full-length viral transcripts required for lentiviral replication. We recently identified an uncharacterized EIAV protein, Mat. Here, we show that Mat inactivation moderately attenuates EIAV replication in vitro, and this defect is rescued by ectopic Mat expression. Mat enhances Tat-mediated activation of EIAV LTR activity, and we further confirm that Mat interacts with EIAV Tat (eTat) and equine CycT1 (eqCycT1), stabilizes eTat, and promotes the association of eTat with both TAR and eqCycT1. These results suggest that Mat acts as an eTat cofactor in EIAV transcriptional regulation, providing insights into the complex transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of lentiviruses.

PMID 42505242
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PubMedVaccines2026-07-27

Recombinant EHV-1 Vector Expressing Immunodominant Hemagglutinin Protein of Equine Influenza Virus H3N8 (Sub-Lineage Florida Clade 2).

Bera Bidhan Chandra BC, Bernela Manju M, Madhwal Aashwina A, Pradhan Stephanie S SS et al.

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and equine influenza virus (EIV) are major respiratory pathogens in horses, causing significant economic losses in domesticated horses. Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) technology can be used to precisely manipulate the EHV-1 genome for the development of live-attenuated vector vaccines. Earlier, our group developed a live-attenuated EHV-1 vaccine by deleting virulence-associated genes using this technology and the mutant EHV-1 has been exploited for expressing foreign gene in the current study. Specifically, in this study, a mutant EHV-1 virus expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H3N8 EIV (sub-lineage: Florida clade 2) was generated and characterized in vitro. The HA gene of EIV (Florida clade 2) was used for antigen gene cloning. The expression cassette for the HA gene was commercially synthesized and inserted into the backbone of EHV1∆IR6 BAC using an En passant mutagenesis strategy. Recombinant clones were selected using antibiotic selection, PCR, and RFLP. Further, the recombinant virus was regenerated in RK-13 cells via transfection and characterized in vitro for plaque size, growth kinetics and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). PCR and RFLP confirmed the successful insertion of the HA gene into pEHV1∆IR6/gE BAC. The recombinant virus, vEHV1∆IR6/gE-HA(FC2), was successfully rescued in RK13 cells and demonstrated expression of the EIV haemagglutinin proteins by immunofluorescence assay. Although plaque size was reduced in the generated mutant virus in comparison to parental virus, the growth kinetics of the recombinant viruses were comparable to those of vEHV1∆IR6/gE. These findings demonstrate the successful expression of immunodominant hemagglutinin protein of EIV by recombinant EHV-1 and indicate the potential suitability of EHV-1 BAC as a vector platform for foreign gene expression.

PMID 42506671
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PubMedOral health & preventive dentistry2026-07-27

Association between Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional and Mendelian Randomisation Analysis.

Wang Jiakui J, Xie Pengxian P, Kang Zhengqiang Z

Periodontitis has been linked to systemic inflammation and nutrition. The albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) is a readily available inflammatory and nutritional index, but its relationship with periodontitis remains to be fully clarified. This study examined the association between AGR and periodontitis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data and Mendelian randomisation (MR). The cross-sectional analysis included 10,094 participants from NHANES 2009-2014. Weighted multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), subgroup analyses, and threshold effect analysis were performed. Furthermore, MR analysis was conducted using genetic data for AGR (98,626 individuals) and periodontitis (9,560 cases and 169,166 controls) to further evaluate the relationship. After fully adjusting for confounders, logistic regression shows elevated AGR was associated with lower odds of periodontitis (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.40-0.67). The top quartile group had 44% fewer cases of periodontitis than the lowest quartile group (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.46-0.68). The RCS revealed an L-shaped nonlinear association between AGR and periodontitis. Threshold effect analysis showed that when AGR 1.79, higher AGR was significantly associated with lower odds of periodontitis (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.28-0.50). Stratified analyses suggested a stronger association among participants aged 60 years. MR did not substantiate a genetic correlation between AGR and periodontitis (p = 0.304). Higher AGR was associated with a lower prevalence of periodontitis, particularly among adults aged 60 years. However, MR analysis did not provide genetic evidence supporting this link. Prospective studies are needed to clarify this relationship.

PMID 42506964
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PubMedVaccines2026-07-27

Encephalitic Alphaviruses: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development.

Kisra Nouha N, de Zeeuw Zoe Z, Eustace George G, Gladman Rose R et al.

Eastern, Venezuelan, and Western equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV) are encephalitic alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes throughout the Americas. Infection by these viruses can present in humans as a febrile illness; however, it may progress into potentially life-threatening encephalitis. Currently, no publicly licensed vaccines are available, and at-risk individuals are restricted to superseded vaccines. Here, we will review recent advances in our understanding of how these viruses spread among animal populations and cause disease, and how we can manage their diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, we have summarised the recent developments in vaccines against these viruses in both pre-clinical and clinical stages. Overall, global climate change and ecological disruption drive a need for public access to safe and effective vaccines against EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV, which novel platforms, such as mRNA and viral vectors, may be able to achieve.

PMID 42506617
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PubMedJournal of immunological methods2026-07-27

An in vitro efficacy analysis of bothropic antivenom against venoms of different Bothrops species.

Silva Lucas Tadeu LT, Heneine Luiz Guilherme Dias LGD, de Oliveira Luciana Souza LS, Guerra-Duarte Clara C et al.

Antivenoms are the only specific medications available for the treatment of snakebite envenomation, which represents an important global public health concern. The success of treatment depends, in part, on the ability of the antivenom used to bind to and neutralize the toxins present in the venom. To achieve this efficacy, it is important that the immunizing venom pool be representative of the snake fauna to be covered, which is challenging given the inter- and intraspecific variability among snake venoms. In Brazil, snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for most snakebite accidents, and the antivenom used in the country is produced from a pool of five different Bothrops venoms (B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. alternatus, B. moojeni, and B. neuwiedi). However, quality control of antivenom efficacy during the production process was carried out exclusively against B. jararaca venom. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and standardize an avidity ELISA for the analysis of serum samples obtained from horses immunized with the Bothrops venom pool against the different venoms that comprise this pool, also including B. atrox venom, as an auxiliary tool for evaluating antivenom efficacy. The avidity ELISA revealed variations in avidity both among the four batches of equine serum samples analyzed (inter-batch variation) and among the six Bothrops venoms included in the study (intra-batch variation).The avidity ELISA showed good applicability for Bothrops venoms and good intra- and inter-plate repeatability, suggesting the potential of this assay for implementation in preliminary efficacy evaluations of Bothrops antivenom production.

PMID 42503390
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PubMedJournal of equine veterinary science2026-07-27

Combined feed restriction and exercise uniquely modulate exercise-induced inflammatory responses in overweight horses.

Garland A N AN, van Doorn D A DA, van den Boom R R, Roelfsema E E et al.

Equine obesity is linked to low-grade inflammation. Feed restriction may impair gastrointestinal function. Exercise may offer an alternative, though adiposity-exercise interactions remain unclear. To evaluate exercise-induced changes in inflammatory-related signaling and cartilage metabolism in blood and synovial fluid following feed restriction, exercise, or both. Overweight horses were assigned to feed restriction (FR; n=6; 85% DE), exercise (E; n=7; 30 min/day, 5 days/week; 100% DE), combined feed restriction and exercise (FRE; n=8; 85% DE + exercise), or control (C; n=7; 100% DE, no exercise) for 10 weeks. Blood and synovial fluid were collected pre-SET and 1, 8, and 12 h post-SET in Weeks 1 and 10 and analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), resolvin D1 (RvD1), and glycosaminoglycan (GAG). At Week 10, synovial fluid log(PGE2) decreased (1.15 ± 0.16 vs. 1.66 ± 0.18 pg/mL; p=0.04), while synovial fluid NO (6.31 ± 0.58 vs. 3.56 ± 0.63 μg/mL; p=0.002), plasma NO (5.29 ± 0.15 vs. 4.90 ± 0.15 μg/mL; p=0.04), and plasma GAG (2.73 ± 0.24 vs. 1.97 ± 0.25 μg/mL; p=0.04) increased. In Week 10, synovial fluid NO at 12 h post-SET was greater in FRE (20.9 ± 3.18 μg/mL) than C (4.96 ± 2.24; p<0.001), FR (5.17 ± 2.59; p<0.001), and E (10.0 ± 2.59; p=0.02). FRE also had higher synovial fluid GAG (8.41 ± 0.81 μg/mL) than C (5.14 ± 0.68; p=0.01) and FR (4.48 ± 0.76; p=0.003). Combined feed restriction and exercise modulate inflammatory signaling and cartilage turnover following exercise.

PMID 42503405
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