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insulin (Oralgen, Generex / insulin, RapidMist / Oralgen)

✓ Approved

Eli Lilly · INSR · 多肽类

什么是 insulin？

insulin 是一种多肽类，由Eli Lilly研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)、Sublingual (SL)/Oral Transmucosal。

药物档案

商品名Oralgen, Generex, insulin, RapidMist, Oralgen
公司Eli Lilly
药物类别多肽类
分子靶点INSR
给药途径Oral (PO), Sublingual (SL)/Oral Transmucosal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Eli Lilly

作用机制

分子靶点

insulin 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

insulin 针对 3 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersGlucose tolerance impairedPhase II

相关研究文献

PubMedDentistry journal2026-10-26

Buccal Articaine Infiltration as a Minimally Invasive Technique for Mandibular Primary Molars: A Systematic Review.

Mladenovic Rasa R, Milosavljevic Marko M, Jovanovic Milica M, Samanovic Andjela Milojevic AM et al.

Background/Objectives: Effective pain control is essential for successful dental treatment in children. Although the inferior alveolar nerve block remains the standard technique for achieving mandibular anesthesia, it is associated with injection discomfort, prolonged soft tissue numbness, and an increased risk of postoperative self-inflicted soft tissue injury. Buccal infiltration with 4% articaine has emerged as a promising minimally invasive alternative because of its favorable diffusion properties. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of buccal infiltration with 4% articaine for local anesthesia of primary mandibular molars in pediatric patients. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating buccal infiltration with 4% articaine in primary mandibular molars. Owing to methodological heterogeneity, the findings were synthesized qualitatively. Results: Five randomized controlled trials met the eligibility criteria. Buccal infiltration with 4% articaine demonstrated high anesthetic success and was generally associated with comparable pain scores, favorable patient comfort, and favorable postoperative outcomes compared with conventional anesthetic techniques. However, heterogeneity was observed in clinical procedures, comparator interventions, and outcome assessment methods. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that buccal infiltration with 4% articaine is an effective and clinically comparable, minimally invasive anesthetic technique for selected procedures involving primary mandibular molars in children.

PMID 42930386
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PubMedDiseases (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-26

Characteristics of Cell Damage at the Division Stage and Nuclear Aberrations in the Buccal Epithelium Cytogram of Individuals with Impaired Carbohydrate Metabolism.

Usmanova Irina I, Lakman Irina I, Kolbetsova Svetlana S, Enina Yulianna Y et al.

To compare the frequency of cell damage at the division stage, apoptosis, and necrosis/nuclear destruction in the buccal epithelial cytogram of individuals with impaired carbohydrate metabolism. In this observational cross-sectional study, buccal epithelial cytograms were obtained from 52 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 26 patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and impaired carbohydrate metabolism (prediabetes), and 27 patients with MS without impaired carbohydrate metabolism. The smears were stained with eosin-methylene blue followed by Romanowsky staining (azure-eosin solution). Venous blood samples were tested for fasting glucose, 2 h post-load glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, %). The frequency of cell damage per 1000 cells in the cytogram was expressed as the median and interquartile range. Between-group comparisons were performed with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test; when differences were present, Dunn's post hoc pairwise tests were applied. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationship between the HbA1c level and the frequency of nuclear destruction parameters in buccal epithelial cells per 1000 cells. The median frequency of nuclear vacuolization in the buccal epithelial cytogram of T2DM patients was 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold higher than in MS patients with prediabetes (p < 0.001) and in MS patients without impaired carbohydrate metabolism (p < 0.001), respectively. Binucleated cells were more frequent in the cytograms of MS patients with prediabetes than in those of MS patients without impaired carbohydrate metabolism (p = 0.008). Nuclear protrusions were observed more often in the buccal epithelium of T2DM patients than in that of MS patients without impaired carbohydrate metabolism (p = 0.015). Karyopyknosis was less frequent in T2DM patients than in MS patients without impaired carbohydrate metabolism (p = 0.006) and did not differ significantly from the values in MS patients with prediabetes (p = 0.363). Karyorrhexis in the buccal epithelial cytogram was 34-fold higher in T2DM patients (p < 0.001) and 6-fold higher in MS patients with prediabetes (p < 0.01) than in MS patients without impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Karyolysis was significantly more frequent in T2DM patients than in MS patients without impaired carbohydrate metabolism (p = 0.014) and did not differ significantly from the values in MS patients with prediabetes (p > 0.1). In patients with MS, T2DM and prediabetes were associated with a higher frequency of nuclear abnormalities and degenerative changes in buccal epithelial cells. Because oral hygiene and periodontal inflammation indices were also worse in these groups and no multivariable adjustment was performed, these associations cannot be attributed independently to hyperglycemia and should be regarded as hypothesis-generating. Buccal epithelial cytology may be considered a simple candidate, non-invasive complementary indicator of impaired carbohydrate metabolism that requires further validation, rather than a standalone diagnostic or screening tool; this preliminary observational study lacked a healthy (non-MS) control group and diagnostic accuracy analyses (ROC curves, sensitivity/specificity, cut-off values), which are needed before any clinical application.

PMID 42930008
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PubMedDiseases (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-26

Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, and Implementation of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Insulin Management Systems in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Rodrigues Victória Dogani VD, Catharin Virgínia Maria Cavallari Strozze VMCS, Audi Mauro M, Pereira Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli ESBM et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being integrated into insulin management through decision-support systems, adaptive bolus calculators, conversational platforms, and automated insulin delivery (AID) technologies. However, the clinical effectiveness and safety of AI-assisted insulin management remain uncertain. To systematically evaluate evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating AI-assisted insulin management systems in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched for RCTs evaluating AI-enabled insulin management interventions in insulin-treated individuals with diabetes. Eligible studies compared AI-based systems with standard care, clinician-guided insulin titration, conventional bolus calculators, or other AID algorithms. Outcomes included glycemic control, insulin titration, safety, and implementation-related measures. Owing to substantial heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. We included seven RCTs published between 2020 and 2025. Interventions comprised clinical decision-support systems, adaptive bolus calculators, conversational AI platforms, neural-network-based artificial pancreas algorithms, and exercise-aware AID systems. AI-assisted interventions consistently demonstrated favorable safety profiles, with no increase in severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or serious adverse events. Some systems, particularly fully automated closed-loop platforms and conversational AI-guided insulin titration, showed improvements in time in range, glucose control, adherence, and insulin optimization. User acceptance and adherence emerged as important determinants of effectiveness. Current randomized evidence suggests that AI-assisted insulin management systems are safe, feasible, and capable of achieving glycemic outcomes comparable to conventional care. Although certain technologies demonstrate promising clinical benefits, the evidence base remains limited by small sample sizes, short follow-up durations, and heterogeneity across interventions. Larger, long-term randomized trials are needed to establish comparative effectiveness, optimize human-AI interaction, and support broader clinical implementation.

PMID 42930005
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PubMedBiosensors2026-10-26

Hybrid Multi-Biorecognition Laser-Scribed Graphene Platform for Electrochemical Detection of Insulin Resistance Biomarkers.

Rizalputri Lavita Nuraviana LN, Shetty Saptami Suresh SS, Martinez Mario Soto MS, Roux Eckaard Le EL et al.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a multifactorial metabolic condition that can precede type 2 diabetes, motivating integrated monitoring of complementary biomarkers associated with glucose-insulin homeostasis and adipose tissue dysfunction. Here, we present a hybrid multi-biorecognition laser-scribed graphene (LSG) electrochemical platform with four independently functionalized working electrodes for detecting glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin. The platform combines glucose oxidase-mediated enzymatic sensing, a methylene-blue-labeled insulin aptamer, and antibody-based recognition for adiponectin and leptin. Each sensing channel showed concentration-dependent electrochemical responses in PBS and analyte-spiked 10% human serum. The glucose sensor retained comparable sensitivity in PBS and serum, while the insulin aptasensor and the adiponectin and leptin immunosensors remained responsive in the diluted biological matrix. A preliminary mixed-analyte study further showed that all four channels remained responsive in a common four-biomarker sample. Importantly, the four-analyte panel combines glucose and insulin, used in HOMA-IR, with adiponectin and leptin, which form the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, demonstrating thcombines high surface area, good electrical conductivitye feasibility of integrating complementary biomarkers and distinct biosensing approaches side by side within a single multiplexed electrochemical platform, with potential for future application in early-stage insulin resistance assessment.

PMID 42930092
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PubMedJournal of medical case reports2026-10-26

High-dose regular insulin as a potential rescue therapy in severe aluminum phosphide poisoning: a case report.

Sedaghattalab Moslem M, Akbari Ghaidafeh G

Aluminum phosphide (rice tablet) can cause cardiocirculatory collapse and has negative cardiac inotropic effect. Positive inotropic effect of insulin on the cardiac myocytes is through calcium flux. Insulin increases the intramyocytes calcium concentration by increasing conductance of calcium through the L-type calcium channels and by increasing intramyocytes concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition to increasing the intramyocytes calcium level, insulin also enhances the responsiveness of the cardiac cells to calcium. High-dose insulin is a potential therapy for hypodynamic and hypotensive septic shock due to its positive inotropic qualities. In this paper, a critical aluminum phosphide poisoning patient (a 25-year-old Iranian young woman), presented with mixed severe metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypotension. In contrast to our previous experiences that ingestion of aluminum phosphide tablets associated with multiple organ failure and severe shock in approximately all critical poisoning patients, early initiation of high-dose intravenous regular insulin for this patient prevented multiorgan dysfunction and death. Treatment with high-dose intravenous insulin associated with IV fluids, sodium bicarbonate, hydrocortisone, potassium, dextrose therapy and supportive care resolved completely signs and symptoms of patient after 3 days in ICU. High-dose intravenous regular insulin may be act as a rescue therapy for aluminum phosphide poisoning patients. While this single case suggests a potential benefit, further studies are required to confirm these findings.

PMID 42928247
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PubMedOxford medical case reports2026-10-26

Probable Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome presenting with acanthosis nigricans: a case report.

Akhras Mira M, Hmaidan Mohammad M, Ghazal Rahaf R, Alebrahem Asad A et al.

Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene (INSR), resulting in severe insulin resistance. We report the case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with progressive acanthosis nigricans of the neck, coarse facial features, generalized hypertrichosis, dental abnormalities, a fissured tongue, thickened nails, penile hypertrophy, and hepatomegaly. Laboratory results indicated hyperinsulinemia, severe insulin resistance and fasting hypoglycemia. Based on the clinical and laboratory findings, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome was considered. Genetic confirmation was not performed because it was unavailable in our country. This case highlights the importance of recognizing acanthosis nigricans as a clinical marker of inherited metabolic syndromes, and the important role of dermatologists in its early recognition.

PMID 42928893
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