若生智能
Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · 类固醇

什么是 testosterone？

testosterone 是一种类固醇，由HyundaiPharm研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Inhaled、Intranasal。

药物档案

商品名TBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
公司HyundaiPharm
药物类别类固醇, 小分子
分子靶点AR
给药途径Inhaled, Intranasal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

作用机制

分子靶点

testosterone 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

testosterone 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-07-27

Tibetan sheepskin collagen/highland barley β-glucan composite gels induced by calcium or sodium ions: Gelling properties and formation mechanisms.

Yun Chen Jie CJ, Zhang Xu Dong XD, Qi Jiao J, Zhang Yu Bin YB

To investigate the effects of different concentrations of salt ions (Na+ and Ca2+) on the properties of Tibetan sheepskin collagen and highland barley β-glucan (TSC-HBG) composite gel systems, their properties and structure were evaluated based on their gel strength, water-holding capacity, rheological behavior, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and micromorphology. Moderate concentrations of salt ions significantly promoted the formation of TSC-HBG composite gels, whereas excessive ion concentrations disrupted the gel network structure. In the gel produced by adding Na+, protein-polysaccharide interactions were primarily regulated by electrostatic shielding. In the presence of 30 mM Na+, gel strength was 1.97-fold higher than that in the ion-free gel, while the water-holding capacity was 1.12% higher, and the storage modulus (G') was also significantly increased (p < 0.05). In contrast, Ca2+ formed a denser and more homogeneous three-dimensional network through ionic bridging interactions. In the presence of 20 mM Ca2+, the gel strength increased by 2.6-fold. This was accompanied by a 1.14% increase in water-holding capacity, indicating a more pronounced enhancement of gel network strength and structural stability. Overall, the storage modulus of TSC-HBG gels was significantly enhanced by both Ca2+ and Na+. A compact and stable gel network was formed at 20 mM Ca2+ and 30 mM Na+. The enhanced gel properties were attributed to electrostatic shielding by Na+ and ionic bridging by Ca2+. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the rational design of collagen peptide-polysaccharide composite gels with functional food applications.

PMID 42503383
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PubMedJournal of personalized medicine2026-07-27

Hormones, Sexual Function, and Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Peixoto Clayton C, Navarro Melanie M, Carrilho Carolina Gomes CG, Grande Antonio José AJ et al.

Background: Sexual function in postmenopausal women is influenced by both hormonal and psychological factors. This study investigates the associations between sex hormones, sexual function, and sexual beliefs in this population. Objective: This research seeks to assess the relationship between sex hormones, sexual function, and dysfunctional sexual beliefs in postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 42 postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years. Instruments included the FSFI and SDBQ. Hormones assessed were testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, DHEA, SHBG, and LH. Blood samples were collected in the morning and analyzed using chemiluminescence or radioimmunoassay. Pearson correlation tests were used, with Bonferroni adjustment applied to control for multiple comparisons. Results: Free testosterone was positively correlated with sexual desire and negatively associated with dysfunctional beliefs regarding sexual desire. Estradiol also showed a positive correlation with desire, while prolactin was negatively associated. No other FSFI domains showed significant hormonal associations. Conclusions: Findings suggest that testosterone may influence both sexual desire and the internalization of dysfunctional sexual beliefs in postmenopausal women, highlighting the interplay between biological and psychological dimensions of sexuality, which may be relevant for a more comprehensive clinical assessment of sexual function in this population.

PMID 42506118
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PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-27

A Coupled Model of Acid Transport, Gel Cleanup, and Fracture Propagation in Prepad Acid Fracturing.

Zhang Weiyou W, Sun Yongpeng Y, Meng Xianghua X, Dou Rutong R

In conventional hydraulic fracturing of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs, polymer-gel leak-off creates low-permeability filter cakes that impair productivity. This study proposes a prepad acid fracturing technique using a fluoroboric acid (HBF4) pre-flush to dissolve gel residues and mineral fines. A fully coupled mathematical model integrates HBF4 hydrolysis kinetics, multi-mineral surface reactions, porosity-permeability evolution via the Panda-Lake model, and dynamic leak-off coefficient feedback. Simulations show HBF4 decreases monotonically along the fracture while HF peaks at 40-60 m from wellbore. Acid concentration in the leak-off zone decays exponentially, defining a gel-dissolution zone within 0.5 m of the fracture wall. Acid dissolution increases near-wall porosity to 12-15% and permeability to 2.5-3.5 mD (3- to 4-fold). The leak-off coefficient varies dynamically: high in the acid-dominated zone (1.5-2.2 × 10-3 m/√min) favoring gel dissolution, and low in the gel-dominated zone (≈0.8 × 10-3 m/√min) promoting fracture extension. Compared with conventional polymer gel fracturing, the proposed method achieves a 15.9% higher stimulation ratio and 22.5% higher productivity after 100 days, despite slightly shorter fractures. The core advantage is restoring leak-off zone permeability from 0.45 mD to 0.85 mD and increasing gel filter cake permeability from 8 × 10-4 mD to 0.1 mD, with an average relative error of 8.2% against experimental data. These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing prepad acid fracturing in gel-damaged low-permeability sandstones.

PMID 42505304
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PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-27

Rapeseed Protein-Fiber Concentrate as a Novel Ingredient for Pasta Production: Technological and Quality Characteristics.

Axentii Marina M, Codină Georgiana Gabriela GG, Andrade Laborde Juan E JE, Rotaru Aurelian A

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using rapeseed protein-fiber concentrate (RPFC) as a functional ingredient for wheat pasta fortification, with emphasis on dough rheology, gel-like network formation, microstructure, and cooking quality. For this purpose, five formulations of rigatoni pasta were produced by partially substituting wheat flour with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% RPFC. Dough rheological behavior was assessed by frequency sweep and creep-recovery tests, while mixing and pasting behavior was evaluated using the Mixolab device. Microstructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pasta technological and chemical parameters were determined using standard methods. All dough systems exhibited viscoelastic, gel-like behavior characterized by the dominance of the storage modulus (G') over the loss modulus (G"), confirming the formation of a structured gluten-based network. Moderate RPFC incorporation (5-15%) enhanced G', indicating reinforcement of the continuous protein-starch gel matrix and improved structural integrity and deformation resistance. Mixolab results showed a significant increase in water absorption and dough stability with RPFC addition, reflecting improved hydration and strengthening of the gel-forming protein network. SEM observations confirmed the development of a more compact and continuous starch-protein gel system, associated with reduced stickiness and improved structural cohesion. However, higher RPFC levels (15-20%) disrupted the continuity of the gel network, leading to increased cooking losses (8.8-10.4%), higher fracturability, and reduced firmness of cooked pasta. According to the data obtained, RPFC represents a promising functional protein ingredient for gel-like food systems such as cereal-based products, particularly pasta. These findings offer feasible formulation strategies and support its use as a sustainable, high-quality plant protein ingredient in pasta production.

PMID 42505244
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PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-27

Editorial for the Special Issue "Gel Formation Processes and Materials for Functional Thin Films (1st Edition)".

Elenkova Denitsa D, Lazarova Katerina K

In recent years, gel-based materials have evolved from being considered soft, equilibrium-limited systems to highly tunable functional platforms capable of operating under non-equilibrium conditions and external stimulation [...].

PMID 42505252
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PubMedGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026-07-27

Nanoparticle-Enriched Sodium Fluoride Gel with and Without Er, Cr: YSGG Laser Activation: Effects on Enamel Microhardness and Sealant Bond Performance on Demineralized Enamel.

Alrabiah Mohammed A MA, Alkhudhairy Fahad F

This study aimed to assess the remineralization efficacy of NaF gel enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) and bioactive glass nanoparticles (BAGNPs), with and without adjunctive Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation (ECL; 0.5 W, 5 Hz, 20 mJ/pulse, 60 µs pulse duration, water-air spray), on artificially demineralized enamel by evaluating enamel microhardness (MH), resin tag length (RTL), and shear bond strength (SBS) of pit and fissure sealants (PFSs). A total of 168 extracted human third molars free from cracks, fractures, erosion, enamel hypoplasia, surface irregularities, and any history of prior chemical or fluoride treatment were included in the study. All samples underwent continuous immersion in a demineralizing solution until specific DIAGNOdent values of 10-25 were achieved. Samples were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 28): Group 1 (untreated control), Group 2 (NaF gel), Group 3 (NaF + HANPs), Group 4 (NaF + BAGNPs), Group 5 (NaF + HANPs-ECL), and Group 6 (NaF + BAGNPs-ECL). Enamel MH was assessed using a Vickers MH tester (n = 8). RTL was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 8). SBS was measured using a universal testing machine (n = 12), followed by failure mode analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Group 5 (NaF + HANPs-ECL) exhibited the highest values for MH (366.20 ± 26.11 HV), RTL (70.34 ± 2.57 µm), and SBS (13.67 ± 0.35 MPa), whereas the untreated control group exhibited the lowest values for all the outcomes. Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated comparable RTL and SBS values (p > 0.05). The remaining groups exhibited significantly different MH, RTL, and SBS values (p < 0.05). The ECL-assisted nanoparticle-integrated NaF gel significantly enhanced enamel MH, RTL, and shear SBS of PFS compared to NaF gel alone. HANPs demonstrated superior remineralization outcomes compared to BAGNPs across all tested parameters. The present findings support the adjunctive use of laser activation with nanoparticle-modified NaF gel as a promising strategy for optimizing sealant performance on demineralized enamel.

PMID 42505280
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