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erythropoietin (Epocain / Epokine)

✓ Approved

HK inno.N · EPOR · 重组蛋白

什么是 erythropoietin？

erythropoietin 是一种重组蛋白，由HK inno.N研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intravenous (IV)、Subcutaneous Injection。

药物档案

商品名Epocain, Epokine
公司HK inno.N
药物类别重组蛋白
分子靶点EPOR
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, HK inno.N

作用机制

分子靶点

erythropoietin 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

EPORerythropoietin receptor (EPO-R)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

erythropoietin 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAnaemia✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedToxins2026-07-27

Integrated Venom Gland Transcriptomic and Venom Proteomic Analyses of the Digger Wasp Cerceris japonica.

Kazuma Kohei K, Tani Naoki N, Konno Katsuhiro K, Kawaguchi Migaku M et al.

Digger wasps are solitary apoid wasps that excavate ground nests and use venom to paralyze insect prey. Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that digger wasps belong to an ancient lineage of aculeate Hymenoptera and share an evolutionary ancestry with other venomous hymenopterans, including bees and ants. Although the venoms of ants, bees, and social wasps have been extensively studied, those of digger wasps remain poorly characterized in terms of their composition, molecular diversity, and biological activity. In this study, we investigated the venom of the digger wasp Cerceris japonica using integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. We identified 19 toxin-like proteins and peptides, 14 non-toxin-associated components, and 11 novel peptides and proteins with no detectable similarity to known peptides and proteins. Among these, peptide Cj 2 exhibited insecticidal activity but showed no antimicrobial, hemolytic, or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-modulating activities. These findings provide new insights into the molecular diversity and biological activities of digger wasp venom, expand our understanding of venom evolution in venomous hymenopterans, and serve as a framework for elucidating the conserved and lineage-specific features of hymenopteran venoms.

PMID 42506727
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PubMedCureus2026-07-27

Evaluation of Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) Levels in Unexplained Early Pregnancy Loss: A Case-Control Study.

Bb Mahantesh M, Dongre Nilima N, Mallapur Ashalata A

Early pregnancy loss, defined as spontaneous termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation or fetal weight below 500 g, remains a common obstetric complication. While several etiological factors, such as genetic abnormalities and uterine defects, are established, nearly half of the cases remain unexplained, necessitating exploration of underlying biochemical mechanisms. To evaluate and compare serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) in women with early pregnancy loss and healthy pregnant controls of similar gestational age and to assess the association and diagnostic performance of these angiogenic markers. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted involving 60 pregnant women aged 19-45 years with pregnancies of less than 20 weeks' gestation, including 30 cases of early pregnancy loss and 30 healthy pregnant controls with viable intrauterine pregnancies of comparable gestational age. Participants were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of HSK Hospital, Bagalkot, and biochemical analysis was performed at Bharatiya Lingayat Development Educational Association (Deemed to be University) (BLDE [DU]), Vijayapura. Serum VEGF and PlGF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Corp. Released 2014. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp., applying chi-square and independent t-tests, with results expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess diagnostic performance and derive optimal cut-off values. Serum VEGF and PlGF levels were significantly reduced in cases compared to controls (p < 0.05), indicating impaired angiogenesis in early pregnancy loss. ROC analysis showed adequate diagnostic performance for VEGF and excellent diagnostic performance for PlGF in differentiating cases from controls within this case-control sample. Reduced serum VEGF and PlGF levels are associated with early pregnancy loss and may serve as adjunctive diagnostic biomarkers for identifying altered angiogenic profiles in affected women after validation in larger prospective studies.

PMID 42504346
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PubMedJAMA pediatrics2026-07-27

Erythropoietin for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Liley Helen G HG, Hunt Rod W RW, O'Connell Rachel L RL, Battin Malcolm R MR et al.

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the standard of care to improve outcomes following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), but mortality and morbidity remain high, prompting research into treatment adjuncts. To assess whether erythropoietin (EPO) plus TH improves outcomes in infants with moderate or severe HIE. The PAEAN (Preventing Adverse Outcomes of Neonatal Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy with Erythropoietin) study was a phase 3, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial conducted in 24 neonatal intensive care units in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. Infants 35 weeks' gestation or older, less than 23 hours old, with perinatal depression (umbilical cord arterial pH <7.0 or base excess ≥12 mmol/L or, at 10 minutes, Apgar score ≤5 or still receiving resuscitation), and moderate or severe HIE (modified Sarnat criteria) who had commenced TH within 6 hours of birth were eligible for inclusion. Study recruitment was conducted between May 2016 and March 2021, with data collection completed in September 2024. Data analysis was performed from September 2024 to October 2025. Intravenous EPO, 1000 IU/kg (5 doses over the first week), or placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of death or moderate or severe motor or cognitive disability using standardized neurological and developmental assessments at 2 years. Moderate or severe disability comprised motor deficit (diagnosis of cerebral palsy with Gross Motor Function Classification Scale score ≥2) or moderate or severe cognitive deficit using Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition. Secondary outcomes included death, disabilities alone, and safety. From 2016 to 2021, 313 infants were randomized (EPO: n = 156; placebo: n = 157). Baseline characteristics (including mean [SD] gestational age at birth: 39.4 [1.7] weeks vs 39.3 [1.6] weeks and ratio of moderate:severe encephalopathy: 78%:22% vs 77%:23%) and loss to follow-up (10.2% overall) were similar across both groups. There were 67 (42.9%) and 59 (37.6%) female infants, respectively. There was no significant difference in the primary outcome (EPO: 47 of 138 [34.1%] vs placebo: 41 of 143 [28.7%]; relative risk, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.84-1.68; P = .33), in secondary outcomes (death: 22 of 146 [15.1%] vs 18 of 149 [12.1%]; P = .45; cerebral palsy: 22 of 120 [18.3%] vs 22 of 127 [17.3%]; motor deficit: 13 of 120 [10.8%] vs 15 of 127 [11.8%]; cognitive deficit: 20 of 113 [17.7%] vs 16 of 118 [13.6%]), or in any safety outcomes. Per the results of this multicenter randomized clinical trial, EPO did not demonstrate any adjunctive effect to hypothermia, but no safety concerns were evident. anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12614000669695.

PMID 42507461
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PubMedDentistry journal2026-07-27

Accuracy and Reproducibility of Digital Vertical Dimension Increase in Occlusal Splint Design: A Comparative In Vitro Study of Three CAD Software Systems.

Abad-Coronel Cristian C, Ortiz Miranda Lesly Abigail LA, Mariño Arévalo Cristina Adelaida CA, Paltán César A CA et al.

Background: Digital workflows based on computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) enable the modification of the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) during occlusal splint design; however, the clinical reproducibility of these digital adjustments compared with conventional methods remains unclear. Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of vertical dimension increase achieved with three different dental CAD software systems. Methods: A standardized STL dataset was used to design occlusal splints with three CAD software systems: ExoCAD DentalCAD (Exocad GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), InLab SW 23 (Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany), and Medit Link (Medit Corp., Seoul, South Korea). A conventional articulator-derived condition served as the comparator. Splints were manufactured using Night Guard Firm 2 Midnight resin (SprintRay Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA), and the vertical dimension was measured with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corp., Kanagawa, Japan). Representative STL superimposition was performed using OraCheck 5.0 (Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany), and biomechanical behavior was assessed using ANSYS Mechanical 2025 R2 (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc tests, with the significance level set at α = 0.05. Results: The CAD systems showed variable accuracy in reproducing the reference vertical dimension; the Medit Link group yielded values closest to the reference (22.80 mm vs. 22.68 mm), the InLab group demonstrated marked overestimation (26.70 mm), and the ExoCAD group presented intermediate values (24.36 mm). One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences between the four groups for both sides (p < 0.001) with very large effect sizes (η2 > 0.98). Three-dimensional superimposition revealed that the InLab splint presented the smallest mean surface deviation from the control (0.36 mm) and the highest proportion of points within 0.1 mm (59%), whereas Medit Link and ExoCAD showed larger mean global distances (0.83 mm and 0.70 mm, respectively). FEA revealed differences in biomechanical behavior, with the highest representative von Mises stress in the Medit Link geometry and the highest representative total deformation in the ExoCAD geometry. Conclusions: Digital modification of VDO is feasible, but its accuracy and reproducibility depend on the CAD system used. Careful verification of CAD design parameters against a conventional clinical reference is advisable before manufacturing occlusal splints involving vertical dimension modification, while representative 3D superimposition may provide complementary descriptive information.

PMID 42505710
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PubMedCureus2026-07-27

Trust in Organ Allocation Systems and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease and Their Relatives: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Chasan Giasar G, Tsalkidou Evanthia E, Memet Ilker I, Gkasil Sempaetin S et al.

Trust in healthcare systems is an important factor in patient decision-making and attitudes toward organ donation. This study aims to examine the association between trust in organ allocation systems and attitudes toward organ donation, willingness to donate, knowledge, and concerns regarding fairness and transparency among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and their relatives. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted between December 2020 and September 2021 at two tertiary healthcare centers in Greece. Participants were recruited from dialysis units and outpatient nephrology clinics. A total of 178 individuals participated, including 104 patients with ESRD and 74 first-degree relatives. Patients and relatives were analyzed as independent groups. The questionnaire was adapted from previously published studies assessing attitudes toward organ donation, trust in healthcare systems, and transplantation-related decision-making. The instrument was reviewed for content relevance, pilot-tested before administration, and revised for clarity, although it was not formally validated. Data were collected through researcher-administered structured interviews. The questionnaire assessed trust in organ allocation systems, attitudes toward organ donation, willingness to donate, knowledge, and demographic characteristics. Higher education was defined as completion of post-secondary, university, or postgraduate education. Participants responding "no" to the question "Do you trust the organ allocation system?" were classified as having limited trust. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using chi-square tests. No substantial missing data were identified, and all completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. No adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed because of the exploratory nature of the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26 (IBM Corp. Released 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. A total of 46% of participants reported limited trust in organ allocation systems. Lower trust was significantly associated with reduced willingness to donate organs (p = 0.02) and increased concerns regarding fairness and transparency (p = 0.01). Relatives reported lower levels of trust than patients (52% vs. 41%, p = 0.04). Trust in organ allocation systems was closely associated with attitudes toward organ donation and willingness among patients with ESRD and their relatives. Relatives reported lower levels of trust in organ allocation systems than patients did. Strengthening transparency, communication, and institutional credibility may be associated with greater willingness to donate and improved engagement with transplantation systems. These findings may help inform trust-based strategies and policy interventions aimed at improving organ donation systems.

PMID 42504339
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PubMedCureus2026-07-26

Morphology and Morphometric Analysis of the Psoas Minor Muscle in Adult Human Cadavers at a Tertiary-Care Institution in Western India.

Raja Bhoopesh B, Kulkarni Manoj M MM, Vaishnani Hetal H

The psoas minor is a slender, inconstantly present vestigial muscle of the posterior abdominal wall. Classical texts report its presence in 40-50% of individuals. Still, considerable ethnic and geographic variation has been documented, and morphometric data from Western Indian cadaveric populations remain scarce despite their growing relevance to retroperitoneal surgery, abdominopelvic imaging, and lumbopelvic physiotherapy. This study aims to determine the observed frequency and document the morphology and morphometric characteristics of the psoas minor muscle in adult human cadavers available for routine dissection at a single tertiary-care institution in Vadodara, Gujarat (Western India). This cross-sectional observational cadaveric study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, on cadavers dissected during routine undergraduate teaching between January 2022 and January 2026; institutional ethics committee approval was obtained for the retrospective analysis and reporting of these pre-existing dissection findings. Thirty adult formalin-embalmed cadavers (60 sides) allocated for routine undergraduate dissection across three consecutive MBBS batches were systematically examined. The posterior abdominal wall was exposed, and the psoas major was reflected medially to inspect for the psoas minor. When identified, origin, insertion, number of bellies, belly length, tendon length, total length, and maximum belly diameter were recorded using a digital caliper and non-elastic thread. Descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS Statistics version 26.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The psoas minor was identified in two of 30 cadavers (6.67%; exact binomial 95% CI 0.8-22.1%), corresponding to three of 60 sides (5.00%; 95% CI 1.0-13.9%). One cadaver exhibited a bilateral psoas minor, and one showed a unilateral left-sided muscle. All three muscles originated from the lateral aspect of the bodies of T12 and L1 and inserted, via a long, slender tendon, into the pecten pubis and iliopubic eminence, with the tendon also blending laterally with the iliac fascia. The mean belly length was 4.57 ± 0.46 cm, the mean tendon length was 17.17 ± 0.85 cm, the mean total length was 21.73 ± 0.45 cm, and the mean belly diameter was 0.60 ± 0.05 cm. The observed frequency of the psoas minor in this single-institution cadaveric sample from Vadodara, Gujarat (6.67%) is considerably lower than the classically reported prevalence of 40-50%, consistent with growing evidence of regional and ethnic variation. Awareness of its infrequent presence and morphometric profile is clinically relevant during retroperitoneal surgery, radiological interpretation, psoas compartment block, and physiotherapeutic management of lumbopelvic dysfunction.

PMID 42502531
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