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erythropoietin (Epocain / Epokine)

✓ Approved

HK inno.N · EPOR · 重组蛋白

什么是 erythropoietin？

erythropoietin 是一种重组蛋白，由HK inno.N研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intravenous (IV)、Subcutaneous Injection。

药物档案

商品名Epocain, Epokine
公司HK inno.N
药物类别重组蛋白
分子靶点EPOR
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, HK inno.N

作用机制

分子靶点

erythropoietin 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

EPORerythropoietin receptor (EPO-R)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

erythropoietin 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAnaemia✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedExperimental physiology2026-10-26

A 45 min bout of hot-water immersion induces transient plasma volume contraction without a detectable increase in circulating erythropoietin.

Zerilli Owain O, Killick Joseph A JA, Douglas Andrew J M AJM, Nash Dan D et al.

Heat acclimation is increasingly used to induce haematological adaptations and enhance endurance performance. Although repeated hot-water immersion (HWI) has been shown to increase haemoglobin mass, the acute physiological responses that might underpin these longer-term adaptations remain poorly understood. This study investigated the 24 h time course of plasma volume (PV) and erythropoietin (EPO) responses following a single bout of HWI. Sixteen healthy adults (four females) completed a randomised crossover study comprising 45 min of HWI (40°C) and a time-matched control condition. Changes in PV were estimated from haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit, while serum EPO concentrations were determined using an ELISA. HWI induced a substantial contraction in PV immediately after immersion (-9.5%, 95% CI [-12.5, -6.5]; P < 0.001), accompanied by marked increases in tympanic temperature and thermal strain. However, PV returned to baseline within 12 h, and no subsequent PV expansion was observed. Serum EPO concentration was unaffected by time (P = 0.183), condition (P = 0.125) or the condition × time interaction (P = 0.309). Furthermore, changes in PV were unrelated to changes in circulating EPO in both the HWI (β = 0.07; [-1.3, 1.4]; P = 0.915) and control (β = 1.10; [-1.1, 3.3]; P = 0.326) conditions. These findings demonstrate that a 45 min bout of HWI induces a substantial but transient contraction in PV that is not accompanied by a measurable increase in circulating EPO within 24 h. Acute PV contractions following HWI therefore appear insufficient to stimulate a measurable erythropoietic response, suggesting that the haematological adaptations observed following chronic heat acclimation may instead depend upon sustained alterations in PV arising from repeated heat exposures.

PMID 42929056
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PubMedEpidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-26

Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Selected Facilities of O.R. Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Somjobo Yanga Y, Faye Lindiwe Modest LM, Hosu Mojisola Clara MC

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, due to its high prevalence, mortality, and economic impact. The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has intensified this burden, posing significant challenges to disease control and management. Understanding the epidemiology of DR-TB is crucial for improving prevention strategies, guiding treatment interventions, and informing public health policies aimed at reducing its spread and impact. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records of patients diagnosed with DR-TB between January 2020 and December 2024 at decentralized DR-TB clinics in the O.R. Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Treatment outcomes were collected from available records through August 2025. Data on demographic, clinical, and treatment outcome variables were collected using a structured abstraction tool. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 30 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: A total of 385 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 38.6 years. Males accounted for 62.3% of cases. Most participants (94.3%) resided in rural areas, and 62% were HIV-coinfected. Rifampicin-resistant TB was the most common type (51%), followed by MDR-TB (38%). A significant association was observed between age and HIV status (p = 0.001). Treatment outcomes showed that 40.8% of patients were cured, while 11.7% died, with mortality highest among older and HIV-positive patients. Comorbidities reported included hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Most patients included in this facility-based cohort were males, aged 25-39 years, rural residents, living with HIV, with suboptimal treatment outcomes and a substantial comorbidity burden. Strengthened integrated TB/HIV care, early diagnosis, and targeted interventions are needed to improve DR-TB outcomes in this setting.

PMID 42930325
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PubMedCureus2026-10-26

When the Gallbladder Hurts the Thigh: Silent Gallbladder Empyema With Perforation Presenting as Severe Rhabdomyolysis.

Loo Enzhong E, Khit Kar Hui KH

Gallbladder empyema and perforation are severe complications of acute cholecystitis that typically present with abdominal pain, fever, and systemic inflammation. However, clinically silent or atypical presentations may occur, particularly in older patients with diabetes and multiple comorbidities, potentially resulting in delayed diagnosis. This is a case of gallbladder empyema complicated by perforation and biliary leakage that presented predominantly with severe thigh pain and rhabdomyolysis, in the absence of abdominal symptoms. A 71-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, ischaemic heart disease, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction presented with fever, generalised weakness, severe right thigh pain, and inability to mobilise. He consistently denied abdominal pain. Initial investigations revealed marked systemic inflammation, with a white cell count of 28-32 × 10⁹/L and a C-reactive protein (CRP) of 580-616 mg/L. He had acute kidney injury (peak creatinine 406 μmol/L), hyperphosphataemia, and a markedly raised creatine kinase (CK) of 16,697 U/L, consistent with rhabdomyolysis (McMahon score > 6). MRI of the pelvis and femurs demonstrated bilateral, right-predominant muscle oedema without evidence of an intramuscular collection. Non-contrast CT of the abdomen revealed a markedly distended and inflamed gallbladder with adjacent subcapsular and perihepatic collections suggestive of gallbladder perforation with biliary leakage. Ultrasound-guided drainage of the perihepatic collection yielded bilious fluid. The gallbladder empyema was subsequently managed with endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholecystogastrostomy using a Hot AXIOS lumen-apposing metal stent (Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, MA, USA), allowing drainage of purulent bile. Subsequent endoscopic washout was performed, with placement of two pigtail stents through the AXIOS stent. Following antibiotic treatment and biliary source control, inflammatory markers, CK, and renal function improved, with resolution of the thigh pain and improvement in mobility, allowing discharge home. Gallbladder empyema complicated by perforation can occur without abdominal pain and may present predominantly with extra-abdominal features. In older patients with diabetes and multiple comorbidities who present with unexplained sepsis, an occult intra-abdominal source should be considered even when abdominal symptoms and signs are absent. Although the direct mechanism linking biliary infection to rhabdomyolysis remains uncertain, the parallel resolution of sepsis, CK, renal function, and thigh pain after antibiotic treatment and biliary drainage supports the infection as the unifying driver. This case also demonstrates that endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage with a lumen-apposing metal stent offers an effective and minimally invasive alternative to surgery for source control in patients with high operative risk.

PMID 42928850
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PubMedMolecular medicine reports2026-10-25

Erythropoietin beyond red blood cells: Systemic and oncological functions (Review).

Danková Kristína K, Solárová Zuzana Z, Harvanik Pavol P, Šemeláková Martina M et al.

Erythropoietin (Epo) is widely recognized as the primary regulator of haematopoiesis, managing red blood cell production via erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expressed on erythroid progenitors. Beyond erythropoiesis, Epo functions as a pleiotropic cytokine, exhibiting marked tissue‑protective effects across various non‑haematopoietic systems, including neuroprotection, cardioprotection, anti‑inflammatory effects and promotion of angiogenesis. Clinically, recombinant Epo is widely used to alleviate cancer‑related anaemia and improve haemoglobin levels. However, the presence of EPOR in malignant tissues may directly influence tumour progression or angiogenesis. The aim of the present review is to summarize current knowledge on Epo signalling across multiple organ systems, to discuss the possible applications of Epo derivatives, and to refer to emerging evidence suggesting that Epo may affect tumour biology and modulate the efficacy of chemotherapy. The review provides a comprehensive overview of current and emerging therapeutic concepts involving Epo derivatives, while emphasizing that most non‑haematopoietic applications remain under preclinical or early clinical investigation.

PMID 42924578
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PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-10-25

Renal anemia: from erythropoietin deficiency to erythropoietin resistance.

Chu Aojiao A, Bu Jinyang J, Zou Xinfu X, Zhang Zheng Z et al.

Renal anemia is one of the core complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is closely associated with poor patient prognosis. Renal interstitial fibrosis or impaired oxygen sensing leads to insufficient erythropoietin (EPO) production, which constitutes the fundamental mechanism initiating renal anemia. On this basis, multiple pathological factors-including the inflammatory microenvironment in CKD, iron deficiency, and mineral and bone disorders-synergistically induce EPO resistance, further exacerbating anemia and diminishing the response to existing therapies. Currently, the treatment of renal anemia has moved beyond simple EPO replacement and is progressively shifting toward a dual strategy that emphasizes both correction of EPO resistance and enhancement of drug responsiveness. This article summarizes the molecular network through which insufficient EPO synthesis and EPO resistance synergistically aggravate renal anemia, systematically reviews the pharmacological basis, limitations, and safety risks of current drug therapies, and discusses future research directions and potential therapeutic targets in this field.

PMID 42923141
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PubMedLa Clinica terapeutica2026-10-25

Correlation of conventional histopathology and GeneXpert MTB/RIF in the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis.

Dileep K S KS, Babu B C Santhosh BCS, Rao K P Prajwal KPP, Hegde Deepak S DS et al.

Spinal tuberculosis (STB) remains a significant health burden in tuberculosis-endemic regions, including India. Diagnosis is challenging because conventional microbiological methods, including acid-fast staining and mycobacterial culture, have limited sensitivity in paucibacillary disease. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF in comparison with conventional histopathological examination (HPE) for the diagnosis of STB. This retrospective study included 64 patients with clinical and radiological suspicion of spinal tuberculosis who underwent transpedicular biopsy. Patients with definitive GeneXpert MTB/RIF and histopathological examination results were included. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Histopathology was positive in 46 (71.9%) patients, while GeneXpert MTB/RIF was positive in 63 (98.4%); both tests were positive in 45 (70.3%) cases. Compared with histopathology, GeneXpert demonstrated 97.83% sensitivity, 0% specificity, 71.43% positive predictive value, and 70.31% overall accuracy. The association between GeneXpert and HPE results was not statistically significant (χ² = 0.398, p = 0.528). GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a rapid and sensitive adjunct to histopathology in the diagnosis of STB. However, the absence of specificity and the modest overall diagnostic accuracy observed in this study should warrant a cautious interpretation of this diagnostic tool.

PMID 42922217
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