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insulin (Rinsulin R)

✓ Approved

GeroPharm · INSR · 重组蛋白

什么是 insulin？

insulin 是一种重组蛋白，由GeroPharm研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Intramuscular (IM) Injection、Intravenous (IV)、Subcutaneous Injection。

药物档案

商品名Rinsulin R
公司GeroPharm
药物类别重组蛋白
分子靶点INSR
给药途径Injectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, GeroPharm

作用机制

分子靶点

insulin 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

insulin 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedDiabetes research and clinical practice2026-07-27

U-500 regular insulin in automated insulin delivery systems for severe insulin resistance: A single-center retrospective cohort.

Lee David D, Pham Angela Q AQ, Abreu Marconi M

U-500 regular insulin use in automated insulin delivery systems (AIDs) is off-label and minimally studied. In this four-individual cohort, HbA1c remained stable, time below range stayed low, and no diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia occurred, despite lower TIR. These findings provide early clinical experience to inform cautious, individualized off-label use.

PMID 42503314
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PubMedJournal of personalized medicine2026-07-27

Implementation of Video Consultations Within a Personalized Hybrid Care Model for Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Using Automated Insulin Delivery Systems: A Real-World Descriptive Study.

Riaño-Galan Isolina I, Rey Corsino C, Bogaerts Marquez María M, Muñoz Laura L et al.

Background: Telemedicine complements traditional healthcare delivery and may improve access, continuity of care, and patient engagement, particularly in chronic conditions requiring regular follow-up. Video consultation is a widely adopted telemedicine modality and is increasingly integrated into hybrid care models. Methods: This real-world implementation project describes scheduled video consultations embedded in a hybrid care model for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and integrated insulin delivery technologies as part of routine clinical care. A total of 38 families were offered video consultations as part of routine care; 18 adopted the hybrid model. Video consultations were used for routine follow-up, shared review of device data, treatment adjustment, and diabetes education. Family experience was assessed using a voluntary 5-point Likert-scale satisfaction questionnaire. Complete longitudinal CGM data were available for 13 participants, all of whom were established users of the same automated insulin delivery (AID) platform (MiniMed™ 780G (Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) integrated with Guardian™ 4 (Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA) continuous glucose monitoring). Results: Between 2022 and 2024, 162 video consultations were conducted. Acceptability was high, with 95% (17/18) of respondents reporting high satisfaction (score ≥ 4 on the 5-point Likert scale). 89% (16/18) of families perceived the quality of care as comparable to face-to-face visits for routine follow-up. Families highlighted convenience, reduced travel burden, and flexibility, as well as the value of shared review of CGM and AID system data. Group-level CGM-derived metrics appeared descriptively similar across sequential face-to-face visits and video consultations. Individual patient trajectories showed expected variability but no consistent pattern of deterioration during periods of remote follow-up. Conclusions: Video consultation is a feasible and well-accepted complementary modality within hybrid care models for pediatric type 1 diabetes. When integrated with CGM and automated insulin delivery systems, it supports personalized, data-driven clinical decision-making and continuity of care. Structured implementation and systematic evaluation are essential for sustainable integration into routine practice.

PMID 42506090
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PubMedJournal of health services research & policy2026-07-27

What drives patients to utilise regular hypertension care at primary health care facilities in Vietnam? A sequential mixed-methods study.

Nguyen Giang Hoang GH, Do My Tra MT, Tran Oanh Thi Mai OTM, Ho Hien Thi HT et al.

BackgroundVietnam has expanded primary health care (PHC) services and the health insurance (HI) scheme to increase access to NCD services at PHC facilities.ObjectivesTo examine patterns of regular hypertension care across health facility levels, identify factors associated with PHC use, and explore barriers to regular PHC engagement.MethodsWe conducted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study. The quantitative phase analysed a household survey conducted in six provinces, including 1,706 adults with self-reported hypertension. Regular care was categorised as no regular facility-based care, PHC care, or non-PHC care. Multinomial logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with care-seeking. The qualitative phase involved in-depth interviews with 13 patients in two rural communes within Hanoi city. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsOverall, 44.2% of patients did not seek regular care. Among those seeking regular care, less than half used PHC-level services: 23.7% attended district hospitals and 23.5% visited commune health stations. Older age, rural residence, lower socioeconomic status, good hypertension knowledge, health insurance ownership, and NCD comorbidity were associated regular care for hypertension at the PHC level. Qualitative findings revealed barriers at both individual and system levels. At the individual level, misconceptions, limited awareness, and financial constraints, despite high HI coverages, led to irregular care, prompting patients to resort to self-medication or traditional remedies. At the system level, structural challenges, including out-of-pocket costs, medicine stockouts, long waiting times and poor provider communication, weakened patients' trust and continuity of care at PHC facilities.ConclusionHI and PHC reforms have improved access, particularly for disadvantaged groups, but implementation gaps still limit regular hypertension care. Improving patient education, medicine availability, service organisation and provider communication is essential for stronger PHC-based chronic disease management.

PMID 42503485
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PubMedMetabolites2026-07-27

Insulin Clearance Along the Liver-Kidney Axis: Implications for Insulin Action.

Perdomo Germán G, Cózar-Castellano Irene I, Najjar Sonia M SM

The pleiotropic actions of insulin are mediated by cascades of signaling pathways and are regulated by circulating insulin levels. Under physiologic conditions, insulin levels reflect the balance between pancreatic beta-cell secretion and insulin clearance, which occurs primarily in liver hepatocytes and, to a lesser extent, in kidney proximal tubule cells. Therefore, coordination between insulin secretion and clearance is essential for systemic insulin sensitivity. Whereas insulin secretion is widely investigated, exploring the role of insulin clearance in regulating insulin sensitivity remains limited. This review summarizes the main mechanisms underlying insulin clearance along the liver-kidney axis and discusses how they contribute to metabolic regulation in health and disease.

PMID 42506393
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PubMedDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026-07-27

Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Semaglutide 2.0 mg as an Add-On to Dose-Reduced Insulin Glargine versus Dose-Titrated Insulin Glargine in People With Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight (SUSTAIN OPTIMIZE).

Rodbard Helena W HW, Irace Concetta C, Lobo Jevitha J, Makrilakis Konstantinos K et al.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) management with basal insulin can lead to hypoglycaemia and weight gain. SUSTAIN OPTIMIZE compared once-weekly semaglutide 2.0 mg as add-on to dose-reduced insulin glargine (Sema+IGlarreduced) versus dose-titrated IGlar (IGlartitrated) on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight (BW), daily insulin dose, and participant satisfaction. SUSTAIN OPTIMIZE was a 40-week, phase 3b, open-label, randomised study. Adults with T2D, overweight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2), and treatment with basal insulin ≤ 40 units/day were randomised 1:1 into Sema+IGlarreduced or IGlartitrated. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c using a non-inferiority approach. Secondary endpoints assessed superiority of Sema+IGlarreduced versus IGlartitrated in reducing HbA1c, BW, daily insulin dose, and improving Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire change version (DTSQc) scores. Overall, 573 participants were randomised. Sema+IGlarreduced achieved both non-inferiority and superiority versus IGlartitrated in HbA1c reduction (estimated treatment difference [ETD]: -0.74%; 95% confidence interval [CI95]: -0.90, -0.59) and superiority in BW change (ETD: -8.5 kg; CI95: -9.5, -7.4), relative daily insulin dose change (ETD: -121.9%; CI95: -143.1, -100.6), and DTSQc scores (ETD: 2.6; CI95: 1.6, 3.5) (p < 0.0001 for all endpoints). No new safety concerns were identified. Severe hypoglycaemia was reduced (rate ratio: 0.45; CI95: 0.23, 0.87; p = 0.02), while gastrointestinal events were higher for Sema+IGlarreduced (310 vs. 32 events). Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.0 mg as add-on to dose-reduced IGlar achieved superior reductions in HbA1c, BW, and daily insulin dose in people with T2D and overweight, while reducing their risk for severe hypoglycaemia compared to dose-titrated IGlar alone.

PMID 42504064
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PubMedAnnals of medicine2026-07-27

Hypertonic glucose vs insulin-dextrose to prevent hypoglycaemia following treatment for hyperkalaemia (HIGH-K): protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Ford Samuel S, La Caze Adam A, Coombes Ian I, Hills Angela A et al.

Hyperkalaemia is a life-threatening electrolyte abnormality commonly managed with intravenous insulin-dextrose therapy (IDT). Although effective, IDT frequently causes hypoglycaemia, particularly in patients without diabetes. Glucose-only therapy, which leverages endogenous insulin production, may offer comparable potassium-lowering effects with reduced hypoglycaemia risk. However, evidence remains limited. The HIGH-K Trial is a single-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial in adult, non-diabetic patients presenting to an Australian Emergency Department with hyperkalaemia (>5.5 mmol/L [99 mg/dL]). Ninety-five participants are randomised 1:1 to receive either glucose-only therapy (100 mL 50% dextrose bolus followed by 250 mL 10% dextrose infusion over 2 h) or standard IDT (10 units IV insulin with 25 g dextrose followed by 250 mL saline infusion). The primary safety outcome is the incidence of hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/L [70 mg/dL]) within six hours. The primary non-inferiority outcome is the mean change in serum potassium from baseline to two hours, using a non-inferiority margin of -0.5 mmol/L (-9 mg/dL). Secondary outcomes include severity of hypoglycaemia, rescue insulin requirements, and serum insulin/C-peptide levels. This is the first double-blind, randomised controlled trial to directly compare the safety and biochemical non-inferiority of glucose-only therapy versus standard insulin-dextrose therapy in the emergency department. By utilising a continuous glucose infusion following a bolus, the protocol aims to sustain endogenous insulin release and optimise intracellular potassium shift while preventing hypoglycaemia. If non-inferiority is demonstrated, this approach could provide a safer alternative in high-acuity or resource-limited clinical settings. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at national and international conferences. Findings may inform future research and clinical practice guidelines regarding glucose-only therapy for hyperkalaemia.

PMID 42504062
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