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estradiol + levonorgestrel (Nuvelle TS / Climara Duo)

✓ Approved

Elan · ESR1 · 小分子

什么是 estradiol + levonorgestrel？

estradiol + levonorgestrel 是一种小分子，由Elan研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Topical、Transdermal。

药物档案

商品名Nuvelle TS, Climara Duo
公司Elan
药物类别小分子
分子靶点ESR1, PGR
给药途径Topical, Transdermal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Elan

作用机制

分子靶点

estradiol + levonorgestrel 作用于 2 个分子靶点：

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
PGRprogesterone receptor (NR3C3, PR)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

estradiol + levonorgestrel 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedJournal of personalized medicine2026-07-27

Hormones, Sexual Function, and Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Peixoto Clayton C, Navarro Melanie M, Carrilho Carolina Gomes CG, Grande Antonio José AJ et al.

Background: Sexual function in postmenopausal women is influenced by both hormonal and psychological factors. This study investigates the associations between sex hormones, sexual function, and sexual beliefs in this population. Objective: This research seeks to assess the relationship between sex hormones, sexual function, and dysfunctional sexual beliefs in postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 42 postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years. Instruments included the FSFI and SDBQ. Hormones assessed were testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, DHEA, SHBG, and LH. Blood samples were collected in the morning and analyzed using chemiluminescence or radioimmunoassay. Pearson correlation tests were used, with Bonferroni adjustment applied to control for multiple comparisons. Results: Free testosterone was positively correlated with sexual desire and negatively associated with dysfunctional beliefs regarding sexual desire. Estradiol also showed a positive correlation with desire, while prolactin was negatively associated. No other FSFI domains showed significant hormonal associations. Conclusions: Findings suggest that testosterone may influence both sexual desire and the internalization of dysfunctional sexual beliefs in postmenopausal women, highlighting the interplay between biological and psychological dimensions of sexuality, which may be relevant for a more comprehensive clinical assessment of sexual function in this population.

PMID 42506118
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PubMedJournal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology2026-07-27

When Barriers Are Removed: Increased Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives Among Adolescents in Primary Health Care Unit.

Souza Roseli B RB, Juliato Cássia R T CRT, Bahamondes Luis L

To evaluate the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods among adolescents attending Primary Health Care (PHC) unit when methods were offered at no cost and accompanied by comprehensive counseling. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study including adolescents aged 12-19 years who sought LARC initiation at a public Primary Health Care unit in Campinas, Brazil, between October 2024 and December 2025. Participants received standardized counseling and freely choose among the etonogestrel (ENG) implant, the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (52 mg LNG-IUD), and the copper (Cu) IUD. Sociodemographic and reproductive history data were collected. Factors associated with method choice were analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance. A total of 207 adolescents were included (median age 17 years). Most participants (82.1%) selected the ENG implant, while 16.9% chose the 52 mg LNG-IUD and 1.0% the Cu-IUD. IUD users were older and more likely to report previous pregnancy compared with implant users (p < 0.001). IUD insertion was considered easy in 82.9% of cases, with low complication rates and no insertion failures. Prior to enrollment, LARC use was uncommon, with most adolescents relying on short-acting methods. When provided with comprehensive counseling and free access within Primary Health Care unit, adolescents demonstrated high uptake of LARC methods, particularly the ENG implant. These findings support expanding LARC provision in public health services as a strategy to promote reproductive autonomy and reduce unintended adolescent pregnancy.

PMID 42503346
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PubMedDentistry journal2026-07-27

Estradiol Enhances Alveolar Bone Resorption by Promoting Osteoclast Differentiation in Experimental Periodontitis.

Yasuda Keisuke K, Matsuda Shinji S, Memida Takumi T, Yoshimoto Tetsuya T et al.

Background/Objectives: Estrogen is a key female hormone; however, its role in periodontitis remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on experimental periodontitis using an ovariectomy (OVX) model with E2 administration. Methods: Female mice aged 8-10 weeks underwent OVX, followed by induction of ligature-induced periodontitis, and subsequent quantification of alveolar bone resorption. Additional groups received an aromatase inhibitor or E2 supplementation after OVX, with subsequent induction of periodontitis and evaluation of bone resorption. Histological analysis assessed multinucleated giant cells and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts on the bone surface. Gingival tissue was analyzed for gene expression related to osteoclastogenesis. The effect of E2 on osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow cells was also examined. Results: OVX significantly reduced serum E2 levels and decreased alveolar bone resorption. Aromatase inhibitor administration similarly reduced bone loss. Histological evaluation revealed a reduced number of resorbing osteoclasts in OVX mice, whereas E2 supplementation increased osteoclast numbers. No significant changes in inflammatory cytokine or receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression were observed. E2 promoted osteoclast differentiation in vitro, and treatment with E2 prior to RANKL stimulation further increased the number of osteoclasts. This effect was suppressed by an estrogen receptor antagonist. Moreover, E2 enhanced the expression of osteoclast differentiation-associated genes in the presence of RANKL, an effect abolished by tamoxifen. Conclusions: E2 increased alveolar bone resorption in experimental periodontitis, likely by promoting osteoclast differentiation, independent of inflammatory cytokine or RANKL gene expression.

PMID 42505728
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PubMedMembranes2026-07-27

Bench-Scale Evaluation of Hydraulic Performance and Rejection of Bisphenol-A and Estradiol by Different Nanofiltration Membranes as a Post-Treatment Step at the Lago Norte WTP-Brasília/DF, Brazil.

Gonçalves Bianca Campos BC, Brandão Cristina Celia Silveira CCS, Morais Kollar Sara Regina SR

Emerging micropollutants in drinking water sources represents a growing challenge for water treatment systems. Bisphenol-A (BPA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) are endocrine disruptors widely detected in aquatic matrices that are not efficiently removed by conventional treatment. This study evaluated, at the bench scale, operational performance and rejection of BPA and E2 by three nanofiltration membranes-NFM1, NFM2 and NFM3-operating at 8 bar and using ultrafiltered water from the Lago Norte Water Treatment Plant (WTP), Brasília/DF, Brazil, spiked with both compounds at 150-250 µg/L, as the feed matrix. Hydraulic parameters, such as permeate flux and water permeability, were assessed alongside rejection. NFM1 exhibited the highest permeate fluxes (136.1 and 171.7 L/h·m2); however, it showed the lowest rejection (E2: 57-73%; BPA: 28-60%). The NFM2 membrane showed intermediate rejection behavior (E2: 86-89%; BPA: 67-91%) but presented the lowest permeate flux (51.2 to 63.3 L/h·m2). The NFM3 membrane presented the highest rejection and greatest operational stability (E2: 90-95%; BPA: 95-97%), with a permeate flux of 59.1 to 67.0 L/h·m2. Size exclusion was the predominant removal mechanism, though adsorption also contributed during the initial hours of operation. The results confirm a trade-off between permeate production and contaminant rejection, with no single membrane outperforming all others across all criteria.

PMID 42506207
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PubMedCureus2026-07-27

Sex-Specific Mechanisms of Central Sensitization: A Narrative Review of the Neuroimmune Architecture of Chronic Pain.

Andrade Pereira Diogo D

Chronic pain disproportionately affects women, yet analgesic development has been built predominantly on male biological substrates, reflecting a now-refuted assumption of biological symmetry that excluded female subjects from preclinical investigation. Central sensitization, the pathological amplification of central nervous system signalling that produces pain hypersensitivity, is increasingly recognized as a sex-dependent neuroimmune phenomenon with distinct cellular and molecular signatures in males and females. This narrative review, prepared in accordance with the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), synthesizes evidence challenging the "one-size-fits-all" paradigm and proposes a transition toward biological-sex-informed precision analgesia. In males, central sensitization is predominantly mediated by spinal microglial activation via the P2X4 receptor-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) axis, culminating in potassium-chloride cotransporter type 2 (KCC2) downregulation and GABAergic disinhibition. In females, it proceeds through spinal T-lymphocyte infiltration and direct pro-excitatory actions of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α on dorsal horn neurons, a pathway largely refractory to microglial-targeted intervention. Gonadal steroids act as neuroimmune modulators: 17β-estradiol amplifies central excitability, whereas testosterone is antinociceptive. Epigenetic mechanisms consolidate these signals into durable transcriptional programs that sustain sensitization after injury resolves. The failure of microglial-targeted therapies in female-predominant cohorts reflects a sex-mismatched strategy. Inclusion of biological sex as a primary variable in pain research and practice is both a scientific and ethical imperative.

PMID 42504361
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PubMedCells2026-07-27

Changes in the Adrenal Cortex Induced by Liraglutide Treatment and Exercise in a Rat Model of Menopausal Transition.

Gizdović Ivona I, Šošić-Jurjević Branka B, Vlahović Dragana D, Ristić Nataša N et al.

The menopausal transition is a key period marked by changes in cardiometabolic health and adrenal function, representing an important window for targeted interventions to improve women's health. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve metabolic parameters, while physical exercise provides well-established benefits; however, their effects during the menopausal transition remain insufficiently explored. This study examined the effects of liraglutide (0.186 mg/kg; corresponding to the human equivalent dose of 1.8 mg/day used for type 2 diabetes treatment) and exercise on the adrenal gland in a rat model of menopausal transition. Three-month-old females served as young controls (CY), while 16-month-old acyclic females were assigned to control (C), liraglutide (L), exercise (E), or combined treatment (L+E). Compared with CY, the C group showed increased body mass and adrenal alterations, including reduced adrenal weight and volume, cortical atrophy, increased collagen content, decreased STAR, and increased pAMPKα optical density (p ≤ 0.05). Sf1 and Star were upregulated in L, E, and L+E compared with C, most prominently in L (p ≤ 0.05), while Cyp11b2 was increased in L and L+E (p ≤ 0.05). Hormone analysis showed reduced 17β-estradiol, corticosterone, and aldosterone in C compared with CY. Corticosterone was further reduced in L compared with C, while aldosterone increased in L and L+E compared with C (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the menopausal transition induced adrenal morpho-functional remodeling. Liraglutide intervention had the greatest impact on steroidogenic output, both alone and in combination with exercise, while exercise alone showed no significant effect.

PMID 42505368
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