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chloral hydrate (Escre suppositories)

✓ Approved

Hisamitsu · 小分子 · 小分子

什么是 chloral hydrate？

chloral hydrate 是一种小分子，由Hisamitsu研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Rectal。

药物档案

商品名Escre suppositories
公司Hisamitsu
药物类别小分子
给药途径Rectal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Hisamitsu

治疗适应症

chloral hydrate 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 2 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Nervous system disordersEpilepsy✓ Approved
Psychiatric disordersInsomnia✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedGenetics2026-09-10

Maize Gametophytic factor loci Ga3 through Ga11 modify reproductive barriers.

Cryan Elli P EP, Gaut Brandon S BS

Gametophytic factor (Ga) barriers are maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) reproductive barriers controlled by molecular incompatibilities between pollen and silks. Twelve distinct Ga loci have been identified in maize populations since the first genetic evidence of a Ga barrier was reported in 1901. Of the twelve, however, only three have been validated by modern molecular, functional and genomic studies: Ga1, Ga2, and Tcb1. The remaining "higher" Ga loci, spanning Ga3 to Ga11, were reported in the historical literature, but their associated phenotypes segregated in unexpected ways or disappeared over subsequent generations. Here we introduce and explore the hypothesis that the higher Ga loci represent modifiers of Ga1, Ga2, and Tcb1 barrier functions. By revisiting the historical literature, we found that barrier phenotypes fall into two phenotypic and functional categories. Phenotypically, the two categories represented healthy pollen with a silk-length effect and unhealthy pollen without a silk-length effect. These phenotypic categories were supported by genomic data; we identified candidate genes in each higher Ga locus by comparing historical linkage mapping data to the corresponding genomic sequence of maize reference line B73. We discovered candidate genes related to two broad pathways: pollen tube growth and RNA-directed DNA methylation. We conclude that the past century of evidence aligns with our hypothesis that maize loci Ga3 through Ga11 modify rather than directly control Ga barriers. This brief investigation provides a starting point for geneticists and evolutionary biologists to explore how strong reproductive barriers are shaped by epistatic interactions.

PMID 42717661
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PubMedRSC advances2026-09-10

Synthesis of Sb(iii)-immobilized on nitrogen-doped mesoporous silica nanotubes for efficient and green preparation of pyrazolopyranopyrimidines: comprehensive characterization, green chemistry evaluation and computational antifungal profiling against 5TZ1.

Jafari Taadi Zahra Z, Moradi Leila L, Moazeni Bistgani Azam A

In this study, a novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst, Sb(iii) immobilized on nitrogen-doped mesoporous silica nanotubes (N-MSNTs/Sb(iii)), was successfully synthesized. This catalyst was then applied in a one-pot, four-component synthesis of pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives via the condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aromatic aldehydes, and barbituric/thiobarbituric acid. Comprehensive characterization using FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDS, HR-TEM, XRD, and BET/BJH analyses confirmed its structural features. Notably, HR-TEM revealed hollow nanotubular structures with an inner diameter of ∼23 nm and a wall thickness of 27 nm. Moreover, BET/BJH measurements exhibited a type IV isotherm, indicative of a highly porous structure, with a remarkable specific surface area of 1255 m2 g-1, a pore volume of 0.71 cm3 g-1, and an average pore diameter of 2.26 nm. Catalytic evaluations demonstrated the superior performance of N-MSNTs/Sb(iii) in aqueous media at room temperature, affording the target compounds in high yields (78-96%) within short reaction times (35-85 min). This remarkable efficiency stems from synergistic activation of support by the nitrogen sites and active Sb(iii) Lewis acidic species. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited excellent stability, maintaining its initial activity over five consecutive reuse cycles. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed against the antifungal target 5TZ1. The results confirmed that the carbonyl and NH groups within the synthesized molecular scaffolds establish favorable binding interactions, highlighting the promising drug-like properties of the final products.

PMID 42719317
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PubMedJournal of sports science & medicine2026-09-09

Muscle Synergy Reorganization and Force-Time Differences Across Upper-Limb Pushing Tasks with Different Mechanical Characteristics.

Fan Penglei P, Han Mengzhao M, Wang Ting T, Huang Guihua G et al.

This study compared the neuromuscular control strategies and force-time profiles of three upper-limb pushing tasks-the standard push-up (SP), plyometric push-up (PP), and standard squat push-up (SSP)-representing the endurance-, power-, and strength-oriented continuum of upper-limb pushing performance. Fifteen male rugby athletes performed SP, PP, and SSP on dual force plates while surface electromyography (EMG) (12 muscles) and vertical forces were concurrently recorded. EMG signals were processed and decomposed using nonnegative matrix factorization to extract muscle synergies. Synergy modules were evaluated using cosine similarity and paired-samples t tests. One-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1D) was employed to compare synergy primitives and force-time profiles across tasks. Two synergies reconstructed all tasks (VAF > 0.95). Synergy modules differed among conditions (cosine similarity < 0.90), with task-specific changes mainly involving distal forearm, scapular-trunk, and elbow-extensor muscle weightings. SPM1D identified task-specific differences in synergy primitive 1 during 0%-12% and 48% - 71%, and in primitive 2 during 71% - 100%, with PP and SSP exhibiting higher late-phase activation. PP generated higher force than SP during 13% - 79%, while SSP produced higher force during 33% - 36% and 56% - 83%, but lower force early and near takeoff. Despite sharing two synergies, the three pushing tasks exhibited distinct synergy structures, activation timing, and force-time profiles. PP emphasized rapid early-to-mid phase propulsion, whereas SSP relied on sustained late-phase force. These findings demonstrate task-specific neuromechanical regulation and may help inform exercise selection for upper-limb strength and power development in trained athletic populations.

PMID 42713562
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PubMedChemical science2026-09-09

Task-adaptive multimodal molecular representations for structure-sensitive property prediction.

Lin Shaolong S, Zhai Silong S, Wang Shihang S, Zhan Xinke X et al.

Structure-sensitive properties (SSPs), including activity cliffs and chirality-dependent properties, challenge molecular machine learning because small structural perturbations can cause abrupt property changes and invalidate smooth structure-property assumptions. Here, we present CAMF (Chirality- and Activity-cliff-aware Multimodal Framework), a task-adaptive framework that models SSPs through selective integration of complementary molecular evidence. To systematically evaluate this problem, we construct SSPBench, a benchmark spanning 77 conventional ADMET and physicochemical tasks together with activity-cliff and chirality-sensitive benchmarks. CAMF integrates molecular embeddings and expert-defined descriptors using random-forest-based feature selection and adaptive fusion, enabling property-specific prioritization of informative signals while reducing multimodal redundancy. Across ten baselines, CAMF achieves the best overall performance on SSP tasks, improving mean R 2 by up to 29.5% on activity-cliff datasets and reducing MAE by up to 23.3% on 90 364 chiral molecules with TD-DFT-computed optical rotatory strengths. Ablation analyses show that these gains arise from task-adaptive multimodal integration rather than naive feature concatenation. More broadly, our results reveal that modality relevance is strongly task-dependent, with descriptors and 3D geometry becoming especially important in non-smooth property regimes. Case studies further support the interpretability and practical utility of CAMF in identifying activity-associated substructures and clinically relevant toxicity liabilities.

PMID 42712854
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PubMedLangmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids2026-09-08

Interfacial Regulation of Hydrate Growth Pathways and Blockage Evolution under Oscillatory Conditions.

Li Xingbo X, Ding Xiaodong X, Jin Yanrong Y, Zhang Haochu H et al.

Hydrate blockages remain major flow-assurance challenges in oil and gas transportation. In this work, interfacial regulation of hydrate growth pathways and blockage evolution were investigated by combining rocking-cell experiments with molecular simulations. The experimental results showed that the most severe hydrate-forming condition corresponded to a water cut of 60 vol % and an oscillation rate of 10 min-1. Under this condition, Luvicap-EG showed a clear concentration-dependent inhibition effect: increasing inhibitor concentration progressively reduced pressure decline and water conversion, significantly prolonged induction time, and lowered the gas-liquid interfacial tension. In addition, Luvicap-EG altered hydrate evolution from a blockage-forming to a dispersion-dominated pathway. Molecular simulations further showed that increasing periodic mechanical loading first induced cage distortion and strain accumulation and then caused fragmentation of the hydrate framework, providing a molecular-scale explanation for the slurry-like morphology observed experimentally at high oscillation rates. Simulations further showed that PVCap disrupted continuous hydrate growth and progressively reduced hydrate ordering with increasing concentration. These results show that Luvicap-EG regulates hydrate evolution through coupled effects on interfacial behavior, formation kinetics, and structural continuity, thereby redirecting the system from blockage-forming growth toward a structurally destabilized and dispersed state.

PMID 42709129
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PubMedLangmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids2026-09-08

Molecular Dynamics Insights into the Influence of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Performance of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors.

Li Zhi Z, Yu Wenzhi W, Ding Linjie L, Mi Yang Y et al.

Molecular dynamics simulation was employed to reveal the influence mechanism of H2S on the hydrate inhibition performance of two typical kinetic hydrate inhibitors (i.e., polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap)). The results indicate that the presence of hydrogen sulfide significantly weakens the inhibitory performance of PVP and PVCap on methane hydrates, and in the growth stage, PVCap appeared to lose its inhibitory effect in our simulations. Because hydrogen sulfide itself promotes hydrate formation, it weakens the performance of the inhibitors primarily by altering the bulk hydrate-forming environment. Hydrogen sulfide and water molecules form transient "pseudo-cyclic" complexes. This structure weaken the adsorption of methane molecules on the inhibitor surface and promote the migration of methane to the hydrate clusters, which may contribute to the self-assembly and growth of hydrates. The simulations also showed a greater reduction in the inhibition performance of PVCap than of PVP. However, condensed-phase analysis indicates that this difference does not result from direct interactions between H2S and the inhibitors. The oxygen-containing functional groups remain coordinated by water molecules, and H2S is not enriched around the hydrophobic groups in either inhibitor system. Instead, the reduced inhibition performance is primarily associated with the influence of H2S on the bulk hydrate-forming environment, including enhanced methane mobility. Together, these effects lead to a significant reduction in the effectiveness of kinetic hydrate inhibitors in H2S-containing systems and provide a molecular-level explanation for the interference caused by H2S. These conclusions are based on a limited number of simulation trajectories and should therefore be regarded as representative of the dominant trends.

PMID 42709130
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