lamivudine + zidovudine + abacavir (abacavir + Combivir / Combivir + abacavir / Trizivir)

The Influence of Plasma and Peritoneal Antiretroviral Drugs Levels on the Shedding of HIV-1 Into Peritoneal Dialysis Effluent.

Mooko Teboho T, Bisiwe Feziwe F, Chikobvu Perpetual P, Morobadi Molefi M et al.

Penetrance of antiretroviral therapy in the peritoneal cavity and its influence on the shedding of HIV-1 into continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was investigated. This prospective cross-sectional study of HIV-positive end-stage kidney failure (ESKF) patients managed with ART and CAPD, collected enrolled patients' demographic information, clinical and laboratory data. ART levels were quantified using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. There were 60 patients recruited with a median age of 43.0 (IQR: 38.0-47) years and were predominantly on abacavir (88.3%) lamivudine (98.3%) and efavirenz (70.0%) for a median duration of 8 (IQR: 5-11) years. Participants with detectable HIV-1 had lower abacavir (2.10 vs. 8.15 ng/µL; p = 0.054), lamivudine (0.018 vs. 1.065 ng/µL; p = 0.003) and efavirenz (3.605 vs. 57.1 ng/µL; p = 0.012) plasma levels compared to those with undetectable HIV-1 in CAPD effluents. Measured lamivudine (1.065 vs. 0.888 ng/µL; p = 0.001), abacavir (8.15 vs. 4.95 ng/µL; p = 0.024), efavirenz (57.1 vs. 3.65 ng/µL; p < 0.001) and dolutegravir (2.68 vs. 0.65 ng/µL; p < 0.001) drug levels were significantly higher in plasma than CAPD effluents. The peritoneal to plasma (D/P) ratios of these ART agents was highly variable. On Spearman's rank correlation test, plasma levels of lamivudine (p = 0.003), abacavir (p < 0.035) and efavirenz (p = 0.008) were significantly correlated with HIV-1 shedding into CAPD effluents. The findings suggest that low plasma ART drug levels were strongly associated with HIV-1 shedding into CAPD effluents. Moreover, there was an inverse correlation between plasma drug concentration of lamivudine, efavirenz, and abacavir and the HIV-1 viral load detectable in CAPD effluents.

Intelligent identification technology of zidovudine and its isomers based on active low-frequency terahertz excitation.

Lu Chaoyue C, Pang Senhao S, Li Yanxin Y, Su Jingkai J et al.

Zidovudine, adenosine, and vidarabine are three isomeric compounds with highly similar physicochemical properties, making them prone to confusion during pharmaceutical manufacturing, storage, and transportation. Therefore, the development of identification methods with high specificity and sensitivity for such isomeric compounds is of great significance for ensuring drug quality and clinical safety. However, conventional detection methods suffer from limitations such as high cost, long processing time, or insufficient resolution, rendering drug identification a challenging issue. This study introduces a non-destructive and intelligent detection method by integrating terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) with machine learning techniques. Transmission spectra of zidovudine, adenosine, and vidarabine were collected using a THz-TDS system and converted into absorbance spectra. Key features were extracted via t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), isometric mapping (Isomap), and principal component analysis (PCA). These were used to train support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifiers. Among the obtained models, the PCA-KNN combination achieved the most outstanding performance, with a classification accuracy of 100%, realizing precise discrimination of the three isomers. This method not only meets the quality control requirements of pharmaceutical standards and industrial production but also serves as a valuable reference for THz spectral detection of related drugs. It demonstrates promising potential for applications in precise drug identification and recognition.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir among Antiretroviral Therapy Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients of a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern India.

Sengupta Debroop D, Ghosh Sandip S, Pain Shantasil S, Chatterjee Nandini N

A retrospective cohort study of Ukrainian beneficiaries of temporary protection living with HIV attending an Irish tertiary care service.

Connolly S P SP, Carey C C, Lenihan C C, McFaul K K

To describe the demographic, clinical and healthcare utilization characteristics of Ukrainian beneficiaries of temporary protection living with HIV (UBOTPLWH) attending an Irish tertiary HIV service and to assess the impact of individual barriers to care on virological outcomes and retention in care. We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of adult UBOTPLWH enrolled in an outpatient HIV service in Cork University Hospital, Ireland, between February 2022 and April 2025. Data were extracted from clinical and laboratory records. Descriptive statistics summarized demographics, HIV parameters, antiretroviral therapy (ART), co-infections and healthcare utilization. Exploratory analyses assessed associations between individual barriers to care and clinical outcomes. Fifty-nine patients were included; 59.3% were female and median age was 44 years (interquartile range [IQR] 39-51 years). Most (84.7%) had a known HIV diagnosis prior to arrival, with a median duration of diagnosis of 10 years. At enrolment, 66.7% were virologically suppressed (<50 copies/mL) and median CD4 count was 561 cells/μL. Prior opportunistic infection was reported in 25.0% of the 48 patients for whom such data were available. ART regimens were frequently modified following enrolment, particularly among those receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine/dolutegravir prior to migration. At the most recent follow-up, viral load data were available for 49 participants, of whom 87.8% were suppressed. Barriers to care were common, including interpreter requirement (64.4%), geographic dispersion (median distance 54 km) and residential instability. In exploratory analyses, detectable viral load at enrolment was associated with missed clinic attendance (p = 0.019), while viral non-suppression at follow-up was associated with hospital admission (p = 0.007) and missed clinic attendance (p = 0.047). Despite timely linkage to care and preserved immune status at enrolment, UBOTPLWH in Ireland experience substantial structural barriers that may adversely affect engagement and virological outcomes. Tailored, accessible service models are required to support displaced populations living with HIV.