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insulin (human insulin N)

✓ Approved

Asia Pharmaceutical · INSR · 重组蛋白

什么是 insulin？

insulin 是一种重组蛋白，由Asia Pharmaceutical研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Injectable (Others)、Subcutaneous Injection。

药物档案

商品名human insulin N
公司Asia Pharmaceutical
药物类别重组蛋白
分子靶点INSR
给药途径Injectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Asia Pharmaceutical

作用机制

分子靶点

insulin 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

insulin 针对 2 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedF1000Research2026-09-11

Green Tea and Decaffeinated Light Roasted Green Coffee Extract Combination Improved Cardiac Insulin Resistance through Free Fatty Acids and Adiponectin/FAS Pathways Amelioration in Metabolic Syndrome Rat Model.

Lukitasari Mifetika M, Rohman Mohammad Saifur MS, Nugroho Dwi Adi DA, Nur Kholis Mukhamad M et al.

Insulin resistance has been independently associated with cardiac diseases. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are known to induce cardiac insulin resistance via low-grade inflammation. Therefore, lowering FFA levels may improve cardiac insulin resistance. This study investigated the effects of a combination of green tea and decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee extract on free fatty acid-induced cardiac insulin resistance by modulating the adiponectin/FAS pathways. This study used 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was induced using a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet and a low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection, while a normal chow (NC) diet served as the healthy control. The MS rats were treated for 9 weeks with green tea (300 mg/kg b.w.), decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee (200 mg/kg b.w.), or a combination of both extracts. The experimental subjects were divided into five groups: 1) MS (HFHS diet + STZ), 2) NC (normal chow), 3) GT (green tea extract), 4) GC (decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee extract), and 5) CM (combination of both extracts). Adiponectin and HOMA-IR levels were analysed using ELISA, while the gene expression of Adipo-R1, FAS, PI3K, PDK1, Akt, and GLUT4 was measured using RT-PCR. The combination of green tea and decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee demonstrated synergistic effects in reducing FFA levels. The adiponectin/FAS pathways were attenuated in the CM group. Furthermore, the combination therapy improved cardiac insulin resistance marker expressions, including IRS-1/2, PI3K, PDK1, Akt, and GLUT4. The combination of green tea and decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee extract improved cardiac insulin resistance more effectively than the administration of either extract alone, by reducing FFA levels through the modulation of the adiponectin/FAS pathways.

PMID 42723777
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PubMedEuropean journal of pediatrics2026-09-11

Association between insulin resistance and obstructive sleep apnea in non-diabetic children with obesity.

Sunman Birce B, Alboğa Didem D, Akgül Erdal Meltem M, Demir Havva İpek Hİ et al.

Although several studies have demonstrated an independent association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insulin resistance, the evidence remains inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence and severity of OSA and insulin resistance in non-diabetic children with obesity and to explore the potential role of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in identifying children at higher risk for OSA. Children with obesity aged 6-18 years who underwent polysomnography were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with diabetes, neuromuscular disorders, craniofacial anomalies, or those receiving treatment affecting insulin sensitivity were excluded. Age, sex, BMI, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results were extracted from medical records, and HOMA-IR was calculated. Patients were divided into two groups based on their obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI): < 2 and ≥ 2 events/h. ROC analysis was performed for HOMA-IR to determine the optimal cutoff value for identifying patients with OSA. A total of 90 children with obesity were enrolled, among whom 39 (43.3%) had OSA. The groups were comparable in terms of age and sex. Median HOMA-IR values were significantly higher in the OSA group (p = 0.014). Total OAHI showed moderately positive correlation with HOMA-IR (ρ = 0.325, p = 0.002), and baseline insulin levels measured during OGTT (ρ = 0.323, p = 0.002). In multiple linear regression analysis, HOMA-IR remained independently associated with OSA severity after adjustment for age, sex, BMI z-score, sleep efficiency, and pubertal status (β = 0.691, p = 0.025). ROC analysis identified a HOMA-IR cutoff of 3.39, with 72% sensitivity and 59% specificity for OSA. HOMA-IR was independently associated with OSA severity in children with obesity, suggesting that insulin resistance may serve as a useful adjunct marker for identifying patients at higher risk and prioritizing PSG evaluation. • Childhood obesity is strongly associated with both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insulin resistance. Whether insulin resistance contributes to OSA risk beyond the effect of obesity remains controversial. • Access to polysomnography (PSG) is limited, creating an unmet need for practical tools to identify children at greatest risk for OSA. • To our knowledge, this is the first pediatric study to evaluate HOMA-IR as a tool for identifying children with obesity at increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea and to propose a clinically applicable HOMA-IR threshold for prioritizing polysomnography referral. • In non-diabetic children with obesity, insulin resistance was independently associated with OSA severity, regardless of obesity, pubertal status, and other clinically relevant confounders. Children with HOMA-IR ≥ 3.39 had a substantially greater burden of obstructive sleep apnea. These findings support HOMA-IR as a simple, widely available biomarker that could help prioritize children with obesity for PSG evaluation and improve risk stratification in pediatric sleep medicine.

PMID 42722762
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PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-09-11

A case report of young-onset type 2 diabetes patient with severe metabolic dysregulation carrying an LRP6 variant.

Xiang Dan D, Yuan Li L, Liao Shuaiju S, Wang Yangtian Y

The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), along with its rising prevalence among younger populations, raises substantial public health concerns; severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG) is a major risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Insulin resistance in T2D often coincides with dyslipidemia, contributing to lipotoxicity, and insulin-resistant states may be linked to specific genetic variants. This report presents a 27-year-old man with poor glycemic control, recurrent dizziness, extreme hypertriglyceridemia (TG > 37.87 mmol/L), insulin resistance, pancreatic fat infiltration, and early-stage diabetic nephropathy. Despite a family history of T2D, his clinical presentation far exceeded that of typical T2D. High-throughput sequencing revealed a heterozygous LRP6 variant (c.3107A>G, p.Asn1036Ser). Multidisciplinary treatment-incorporating acute-phase plasma exchange, ω-3 fatty acid ethyl ester 90, inclisiran, subcutaneous insulin aspart pump therapy, metformin, insulin icodec, finerenone, and Huangkui capsules-led to improvements in the patient's metabolic indicators. This case report describes a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting with extreme metabolic disorders, in whom a variant in the LRP6 gene was detected. Although the variant co-occurs with the observed phenotype, its pathogenicity cannot currently be established in the absence of functional validation. This case emphasizes that genetic variant screening should be considered in patients with unexplained severe metabolic disturbances, particularly those with early-onset disease. This case also provides a foundation for future functional studies and genetic confirmation.

PMID 42723884
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PubMedTranslational pediatrics2026-09-11

Early-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in a child with a pathogenic CTLA4 variant complicated by generalized lipodystrophy and severe insulin resistance: a case report and literature review.

Ding Yu Y, Li Qun Q, Zhang Qianwen Q, Gao Shiyang S et al.

The co-occurrence of early-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL), and severe insulin resistance (SIR) is extremely rare, poses significant therapeutic challenges and no cases associated with pathogenic Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated 4 (CTLA4) variants have been previously documented. We performed genetic testing, flow cytometric immunophenotyping, leptin measurement and a 4.5-year clinical follow-up in a 3-year-3-month-old boy with early-onset T1DM, insulin allergy following initial insulin therapy, progressive lipodystrophy, SIR and mild hepatic dysfunction. We additionally conducted a systematic literature review to summarize CTLA4 variant-related autoimmune endocrine disorders and fat metabolism abnormalities. Pathological biopsy of subcutaneous adipose tissue revealed scattered lymphocytes and histiocytes infiltrating the fat septa and perivascular areas. A heterozygous pathogenic c.151C>T (p.Arg51*) variant in the CTLA4 gene was identified by whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis. His father and sister carried the same variant with incomplete penetrance. The patient showed markedly reduced CTLA4 expression on regulatory T cells and undetectable serum leptin. Treatment with abatacept normalized liver function but did not improve glycemic control or insulin resistance. During the follow-up, the patient's growth consistently exceeded the 97th percentile for age and gender. This report established the first association between a pathogenic CTLA4 variant and AGL, which expands the known clinical phenotypic spectrum of CTLA4-related immune dysregulation disorders. CTLA4 genetic testing should be considered in patients presenting with early-onset T1DM and unexplained lipodystrophy to enable early diagnosis and guide personalized management.

PMID 42724548
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PubMedFoot & ankle specialist2026-09-11

Effect of Diabetes on 30-Day Complications, Readmission, and Reoperation in Patients Undergoing Below-Knee Amputation.

Rodriguez Materon Solangel S, Trynz Samantha S, Morningstar Joshua J, Patel Dev D et al.

IntroductionRisk factors for early complications and reoperation in the overall population undergoing below-knee amputation (BKA) have been reported; however, there is limited literature investigating adverse postoperative outcomes specific to diabetic patients. This study compares 30-day complication, readmission, reoperation, and mortality rates following BKA in patients with and without diabetes.MethodsThe ACS NSQIP database was queried from 2005 to 2019 to identify 28 776 patients undergoing BKA using current procedural terminology (CPT) codes 27880, 27881, and 27882. Of this cohort, 20 310 (70.6%) had diabetes. Postoperative outcomes, including 30-day complications, readmission, reoperation, and mortality, were compared between groups.ResultsPostoperatively, diabetic patients had significantly higher rates of 30-day complications (Diabetic = 39.0%, Nondiabetic = 34.8%; P < .001), including severe complications (Diabetic = 9.12%, Nondiabetic = 8.20%; P = .012). Diabetic patients also had significantly higher rates of bleeding requiring transfusion (Diabetic = 20.4%, Nondiabetic = 15.0%; P < .001) and sepsis (Diabetic = 6.28%, Nondiabetic = 5.23%; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, diabetes independently predicted increased risk of adverse discharge to a facility (defined as discharge to a skilled nursing or rehabilitation facility rather than home; odds ratio [OR] 1.184; P < .001) but decreased odds of reoperation (OR 0.785; P < .001) and mortality (OR 0.809; P = .002). Among diabetic patients, insulin-dependent diabetic patients experienced significantly higher rates of any postoperative complication (Insulin = 39.7%, Noninsulin = 36.4%; P < .001) and readmission (Insulin = 14.1%; Noninsulin = 12.1%; P = .005), as well as increased length of stay (Insulin = 12.4 days; Noninsulin = 11.6 days; P = .007) compared to other diabetics.ConclusionDiabetic patients undergoing BKA had significantly increased rates of 30-day complications, including severe complications, and adverse discharge to a facility. However, diabetes was independently associated with decreased odds of reoperation and mortality within 30 days. Insulin-dependent diabetic patients experienced further elevated complication and readmission rates. Given the significantly increased rates of bleeding requiring transfusion and sepsis among diabetic patients, targeted perioperative optimization strategies should be employed in this population.Level of Evidence:Level III retrospective cohort study.

PMID 42723462
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PubMedTherapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism2026-09-11

Glucose-lowering therapy in diabetes of the exocrine pancreas: a real-world evidence analysis in a tertiary hospital in the timeframe 2018-2022.

Ciccarelli Gea G, Di Giorgi Nicoletta N, Iacomini Chiara C, Masciocchi Carlotta C et al.

Diabetes of the exocrine pancreas (DEP) is a form of diabetes that arises in the presence of an exocrine pancreas disease and is mainly associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis. Therapeutic management of DEP has not changed over the past decades, and treatment is mostly insulin based. However, type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment guidelines have changed with the aim of normalizing glucose levels and preventing diabetes-related comorbidities. The aim of this study was to evaluate real-word practice in the treatment of diabetes associated with pancreatitis, with a focus on individuals who had already developed cardiovascular and/or renal diseases. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study on adult patients admitted to a tertiary-level hospital in Italy between 2018 and 2022 with a prevalent diagnosis of pancreatitis and diabetes. Disease-related real-world data were collected from Hospital Information Systems using automated data extraction strategies and through the implementation of a patient-centered data repository. A multiple source real-world evidence-based methodology was used to identify patients with diabetes and to investigate changes in glucose-lowering treatments through hospitalizations. We identified 2146 hospitalized patients with pancreatitis from 2018 to 2022, 675 (31.4%) of whom also had diabetes. Data on glucose-lowering therapies were available for 444 of these patients. Individuals with diabetes and pancreatitis were predominantly male (65.2%) and older than those without diabetes (p < 0.001). At hospital admission, 41.9% were on insulin therapy and 44.4% on other drugs, with metformin being the most prescribed. After hospitalization, insulin use increased significantly (61.2%, p < 0.001) while metformin prescriptions decreased (from 44.7% to 26.2%, p < 0.001). Patients with cardiorenal comorbidities showed similar therapeutic patterns, with a pronounced post-discharge reduction in metformin use. This real-world study provides updated evidence on the treatment of diabetes associated with pancreatitis in a tertiary care setting, showing a predominant use of insulin and metformin regardless of comorbidities. Despite emerging evidence on the benefits of non-insulin therapies in T2D, such approaches are not yet reflected in the management of DEP, underlining the need for specific clinical guidelines and dedicated trials.

PMID 42724189
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