Advances in Research on the Genotype-Phenotype Correspondence of Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori and Its Molecular Mechanisms: A Narrative Review.
Gong Hui H, Huang Yan Chun YC, Yang Bo B, Song Zhen Yu ZY et al.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), recognized as the primary pathogen responsible for chronic gastric infections, has exhibited an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, which significantly impairs the efficacy of clinical treatments. In recent years, the extensive utilization of antibiotics alongside the rising prevalence of resistant strains has elevated the investigation of the resistance mechanisms of H. pylori to a prominent area of research. This article systematically examines the phenotypic characteristics associated with the antibiotic resistance of H. pylori, establishing a correspondence with resistance genotypes. Particular emphasis is placed on analyzing the resistance mechanisms linked to commonly prescribed antibiotics such as clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin, in addition to the molecular characteristics of the relevant resistance genes (such as mutations in "gyrA," "gyrB," "23S rRNA," "frxA," "pbp1," and "rdxA"). By merging advancements in molecular biology with findings from epidemiological studies, this review explores the potential application of resistance genotype detection in facilitating tailored clinical treatment approaches. The objective of this review is to enhance the understanding of the resistance mechanisms of H. pylori, fostering the development of precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and offering theoretical insights and future research pathways for the treatment of anti-H. pylori infections.