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timolol (Timpilo / timolol, ophthalmic)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · ADRB1 · 小分子

什么是 timolol？

timolol 是一种小分子，由Merck & Co.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症。

药物档案

商品名Timpilo, timolol, ophthalmic
公司Merck & Co.
药物类别小分子
分子靶点ADRB1, ADRB2, CHRM3
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

作用机制

分子靶点

timolol 作用于 3 个分子靶点：

ADRB1adrenoceptor beta 1 (BETA1AR, ADRB1R)
ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRBR, B2AR)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (EGBRS, m3AChR)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

timolol 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Eye disordersGlaucoma✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedTurkish journal of ophthalmology2026-10-26

Eponymous Pupillary and Ocular Sensory Signs of Neurosyphilis: A Historical Review.

Tekiner Halil H, Yale Steven Howard SH, Yale Eileen Scott ES

The objective of this study was to review pupillary and ocular sensory signs historically associated with neurosyphilis, focusing on eponymous findings because they are the most traceable and consistently cited descriptors in the historical neuro-ophthalmic literature. These signs were originally described between 1850 and 1910 by five clinicians whose observations later received eponymous recognition. This study was designed as a narrative historical review supported by a structured search to ensure completeness. Only eponymous signs with established and consistent usage in the medical literature were included; purely descriptive or ambiguous terms were excluded. Searches were conducted and last updated on January 1, 2026, using PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and major digitized archives (Gallica, HathiTrust, Internet Archive, and the Wellcome Collection). Search strategies in English, German, and French combined syphilis-related terms with the names of the relevant clinicians (Baillarger, Berger, Gowers, Haenel, and Saenger). Two reviewers independently screened the sources and extracted data on the eponym, year of description, primary reference, clinical features, and biographical background. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Three signs involved characteristic pupillary abnormalities: unilateral mydriasis (Baillarger sign), an oval or elliptical pupil (Berger sign), and absent light reaction with a sluggish near response (Saenger sign). Two additional signs reflected sensory or autonomic involvement: diminished deep ocular sensation to digital pressure on the globe (Haenel sign) and non-specific pupillary oscillation (hippus) described by Gowers. Taken together, these findings show how clinicians attempted to localize autonomic and sensory deficits in neurosyphilis in the era before serologic testing. Although current diagnosis depends largely on serologic testing, neuroimaging, and established treatment protocols, knowledge of these historical neuro-ophthalmic signs remains clinically relevant. They can assist in identifying atypical or delayed cases and help illuminate the development of diagnostic thinking in neurosyphilis.

PMID 42929089
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PubMedAdvanced healthcare materials2026-10-26

Recent Advances of Functional and Smart Polymeric Hydrogels Toward Cutting-Edge Applications in Ophthalmology.

Wu Yue Y, Li Meng M, Le Xiaoxia X, Chen Tao T et al.

Ophthalmic engineering is defined by a rigorous set of constraints including the need for absolute optical clarity, precise viscoelasticity, and the ability to navigate formidable physiological barriers. Polymeric hydrogels have ascended as the quintessential material class to resolve these conflicts by leveraging their high content of water to create a seamless interface with native ocular tissues. This review critically examines the transition of these materials from passive structural substitutes to dynamic and stimulus-responsive systems. The molecular strategies required to balance mechanical robustness with biodegradation are dissected alongside the integration of responsive moieties that react to physiological cues. These principles are explored through cutting-edge clinical applications including suprachoroidal drug depots, bio-integrative tissue sealants, and closed-loop biosensing contact lenses. Finally, the discussion addresses the translational gap separating laboratory innovation from industrial manufacturing. By identifying persistent hurdles such as the inherent trade-off between long-term stability and transparency as well as sterilization compatibility, a strategic roadmap is outlined for the next generation of vision-restoring technologies.

PMID 42928516
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PubMedJournal of cataract and refractive surgery2026-10-26

Clinical Features, Phenotypic Spectrum, and Associated Factors in Histopathologically Confirmed Dead Bag Syndrome.

Mansoor Mahsaw M, Kwong Stephen S, Alsetri Hasan H, Mamalis Nick N et al.

To characterize the demographic, ocular, systemic, and histopathologic features of patients undergoing surgery for late intraocular lens (IOL) instability with clinically suspected dead bag syndrome (DBS). Private ophthalmology practice and tertiary ophthalmic pathology laboratory. Single-center consecutive case series with prospective tissue collection and retrospective chart review. Capsular bag remnants were explanted during secondary IOL surgery and submitted for histopathologic examination. Demographic, ocular, and systemic characteristics were obtained from the medical record. Lens epithelial cell (LEC) status was graded as 0 = absent; 1 = rare residual LECs; 2 = focal identifiable LEC segments. Specimens were assessed for capsular splitting/schisis, cortical material, and anterior capsular fibrous metaplasia. Exploratory clinical comparisons were performed between LEC grade 0 and LEC grade 1-2 subgroups. Thirty-one eyes from 26 patients underwent secondary IOL surgery for late IOL subluxation or dislocation with clinical suspicion of DBS, including 27 with histopathologic evaluation. Mean age at secondary surgery was 70.5 ± 10.5 years and 80.7% patients were male. Median time from cataract surgery to presentation was 13.0 years (IQR 9.0-16.5). Axial myopia was present in 6/31 eyes (19.4%). Atopy was documented in 9/31 (29.0%), prior radiation or chemotherapy exposure in 8/31 (25.8%), autoimmune disease in 10/31 (32.3%), and ACE inhibitor or ARB use in 14/31 (45.2%). Complete LEC absence (grade 0) was present in 8/27 (29.6%), while 19/27 (70.4%) demonstrated residual LECs and/or cortical material (grades 1-2). Spontaneous posterior capsular rupture was documented in 15/31 (48.4%) cases and in 15/27 (55.6%) histopathology-confirmed cases. Atopy was more frequent in LEC grade 0 than among LEC grade 1-2 eyes (37.5% vs 15.8%; P = 0.32), though this did not reach statistical significance. DBS represents a histopathologically definable spectrum of capsular degeneration characterized by LEC depletion and capsular splitting with structural failure leading to late IOL instability. Nearly half of confirmed cases presented without clinically evident spontaneous posterior capsular rupture, suggesting that rupture is not required for DBS diagnosis.

PMID 42929203
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PubMedTranslational vision science & technology2026-10-26

A Robotic Tele-Laser System for Remote Visualization and Nd:YAG Laser Triggering: A Preclinical Feasibility Study.

Xu Andi A, Huang Yining Y, Lian Zhangkai Z, Yu Naiji N et al.

To evaluate the technical feasibility and short-term procedural safety of a remotely operated robotic tele-laser platform for anterior-segment neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser delivery in rabbit models. A remotely operated, robotic tele-laser platform integrating a customizable finger robot, stereoscopic visualization, and a Nd:YAG laser device was developed to enable ophthalmologists to remotely perform laser treatments. Twenty-four rabbits were allocated into two predefined experimental cohorts: a posterior capsular opacification (PCO) cohort (n = 12) and a laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) cohort (n = 12). Within each cohort, animals were assigned into remotely operated and on-site subgroups. Outcome measures included technical completion, laser-delivery duration, laser parameters, engineering performance, and postoperative findings. All 24 procedures were technically completed. For capsulotomy, median laser-delivery duration was 285.0 seconds (interquartile range [IQR], 161.5-793.5) in the remotely operated group and 214.0 seconds (IQR, 173.25-441.0) in the on-site group (P = 0.589). Intraocular lens (IOL) pitting within the central 3-mm optical zone occurred in four of six eyes and in three of six eyes, respectively. For LPI, no statistically significant between-group differences were detected in laser-delivery duration, laser parameters, or change from baseline at postoperative day 1 in intraocular pressure (IOP). Mean targeting errors were 0.0380 ± 0.0174 mm in the remotely operated procedure and 0.0341 ± 0.0230 mm on site (P = 0.053). Mean glass-to-glass video latency and button-to-laser activation latency were 258.6 ± 10.2 ms and 522.7 ± 29.3 ms, respectively. This controlled preclinical study demonstrates the feasibility of a remotely operated robotic tele-laser platform for anterior-segment laser delivery. The platform enabled remote completion of capsulotomy and LPI workflows under controlled experimental conditions and provides a foundation for further engineering and translational validation. This study demonstrates the preliminary feasibility of a remotely operated robotic tele-laser platform in a preclinical animal model. This platform enables remote expert participation in laser treatment workflows and provides a foundation for future tele-laser applications. Further engineering optimization, safety validation, and clinical studies are required before translation into human ophthalmic practice.

PMID 42929704
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PubMedCase reports in neurology2026-10-25

Superior Ophthalmic Vein Thrombosis Presenting as Isolated Headache: A Case Report.

Laterza Vincenzo V, De Liso Alfredo A, Macchione Francesco F, Bavaro Alessandra A et al.

Superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis (SOVT) is a rare condition that can present with varied symptoms, including headache and orbital pain. Its diagnosis requires advanced imaging techniques, including CT angiography and MRI. This case report describes a patient presenting with headache and orbital pain attributed to superior ophthalmic vein dilation and thrombosis. An 81-year-old female patient presented with headache, orbital pain, periorbital edema, and mild palpebral ptosis. Initial investigations included a brain CT scan and CT angiography, which revealed tortuous and dilated superior ophthalmic veins with massive thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein. Brain MRI and MR angiography were also performed. Other examinations included ophthalmological evaluation, fluorescein angiography, and blood tests. The patient's symptoms, including headache and orbital pain, were attributed to the confirmed dilation and massive thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein. CT angiography initially suggested a carotid-cavernous fistula, which was subsequently excluded by brain MRI and MR angiography. Fluorescein angiography revealed severe myopic chorioretinopathy with peripapillary atrophy and disc hyperfluorescence consistent with venous congestion in the left eye. Thrombophilia screening identified elevated anticardiolipin IgM antibodies, raising suspicion for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Anticoagulant therapy was initiated with enoxaparin and subsequently transitioned to warfarin, in accordance with current guidelines that favor vitamin K antagonists over direct oral anticoagulants for APS-associated thrombosis. This case highlights the importance of considering SOVT in the differential diagnosis of headache accompanied by orbital symptoms.

PMID 42924065
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PubMedEcotoxicology and environmental safety2026-10-25

Ocular health risks posed by micro‑ and nano-plastics: A review.

Huang Xiaosheng X, Ye Ye Y, Chen Honghong H, Magnuson Jason T JT et al.

Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants originating from the degradation of plastics and direct release from consumer products. Global plastic production is projected to nearly double by 2050, intensifying human exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and direct ocular contact. This review synthesizes current evidence on the presence, distribution, and health impacts of MNPs in human ocular tissues, their toxicological effects in animal and cellular models, underlying pathological mechanisms, and contributions from ophthalmic materials. A systematic literature search was performed that focused on studies reporting human ocular detection, animal toxicity models (zebrafish, mouse and rat), cellular experiments, and MNPs released from ophthalmic materials, which were included and qualitatively synthesized. MNPs (predominantly PE, PVC, PS, PP) have been identified in human tears, meibomian glands, pterygium, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, trabecular meshwork and retina at concentrations up to 63.0 μg/g, with particles < 100 µm most prevalent. In animal models, MNPs induce developmental ocular defects, retinal thinning, corneal epithelial damage, goblet cell loss, and blood-retinal barrier disruption. Cellular studies reveal concentration- and size-dependent reductions in viability, elevated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokine release. Ophthalmic products including contact lenses, eye drops, and surgical consumables represent significant direct exposure sources. MNPs represent an emerging threat to both ocular surface and intraocular health through oxidative, inflammatory, and barrier-disrupting mechanisms. Reducing environmental and iatrogenic exposure, alongside development of biodegradable ophthalmic materials, is urgently needed to mitigate vision-related risks in an increasingly plastic-contaminated world.

PMID 42925866
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