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adjuvants (ImmuMax / ImmuMax SR / adjuvants, Repros)

✓ Approved

Repros Therapeutics Inc. · 小分子 · 小分子

什么是 adjuvants？

adjuvants 是一种小分子，由Repros Therapeutics Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Unknown。

药物档案

商品名ImmuMax, ImmuMax SR, adjuvants, Repros
公司Repros Therapeutics Inc.
药物类别小分子
给药途径Unknown
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Repros Therapeutics Inc.

治疗适应症

adjuvants 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Surgical and medical proceduresOral appliance application✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-09-10

The characterization of a rhamnosylated triterpenic saponin from Quillaja saponaria Mol. reveals novel adjuvant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiproliferative properties.

Bobadilla-Fazzini Roberto R, Marchant María José MJ, Grohmann Elisabeth E, Guzmán Leda L et al.

Quillaja: is an abundant source of triterpenic saponins, glycosides with immunostimulant properties, currently employed as vaccine adjuvants. Although current research and commercial applications have focused on the most abundant saponins in Quillaja extracts (QS-7, QS-17, QS-18 and QS-21), the vast chemical variety in Quillaja saponins remains largely unexplored. The discovery of new saponins suited as vaccine adjuvants would open the door to a wider supply of adjuvants in the future. This paper describes the isolation and chemical characterization of Saponin FR, a new saponin fraction purified from extracts of a Quillaja specimen depleted of traditional saponins QS-7, QS-17, QS-18 and QS-21. The main component of this fraction is a bidesmosidic glycoside of quillaic acid substituted at C-3 and C-28 (molecular mass 2003.93 Da). Mass and NMR spectroscopies characterization revealed a structure similar to QS-21 where the 3-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucuronopyranoside] is replaced by a 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucuronopyranoside] substituent at position C3. Tests in mice immunized with ovalbumin demonstrated that Saponin FR induces a tenfold increase of the total immunoglobulin titer compared to the antigen control without Saponin FR (mostly IgG1 type). Cytokine analysis of serum samples showed a significant increase of IFN-γ upon immunization with Saponin FR. By contrast the production of cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 was not observed, suggesting a pro-inflammatory Th1 response. Regarding the antimicrobial effect of Saponin FR, S. aureus ATCC25923 and K. pneumoniae ATCC 1705 were susceptible to concentrations as low as 0.12 µM and the same effect was observed against a clinical isolate of C. albicans. Saponin FR was also effective as antiviral agent evaluated in in vitro assays using HeLa cells infected with the human adenovirus 5 (VR-5), significantly reducing its infectivity at concentrations as low as 1 nM in in vitro assays. Finally, Saponin FR showed remarkable antiproliferative activity against gastric (AGS 1739) and cervix (HeLa CRM-CCL-2) adenocarcinoma cell lines with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 2.9 and 2.6 µM, respectively. Overall, Saponin FR broadens the spectrum of Quillaja saponins for new vaccine adjuvant, antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumoral formulations with potential clinical application.

PMID 42719598
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PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-09-10

Dynamic remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment: immunometabolic regulatory networks of astragalus polysaccharides and astragaloside IV.

Xu Ziming Z, Wang Lijie L, Zhang Xin X, Qi Yue Y

The highly heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remains a major obstacle to effective cancer immunotherapy. This review systematically elucidates the immunometabolic regulatory networks of the primary active constituents of Astragalus membranaceus-Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and Astragaloside IV (AS-IV)-within the TIME. Synthesizing preclinical evidence up to January 2026, we focus on immune cell modulation, metabolic interventions, and advanced translational strategies. Evidence indicates that APS and AS-IV modulate the TIME through two primary mechanisms: regulating cellular immunity (APS facilitates dendritic cell maturation and attenuates T-cell exhaustion, while AS-IV promotes an immunostimulatory M1 macrophage polarization) and modulating tumor bioenergetics (inhibiting aerobic glycolysis and lipid metabolism to alleviate resource competition). Furthermore, experimental models demonstrate that co-delivering these agents via advanced nanoplatforms or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors significantly enhances anti-tumor responses. Ultimately, APS and AS-IV exhibit promising potential to shift the TIME from an immunosuppressive state toward an immunostimulatory microenvironment, highlighting their potential transition from empirical adjuvants to rationally designed precision immunotherapies.

PMID 42719698
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PubMedJournal of ginseng research2026-09-10

Emerging and underexplored ginsenosides in cancer therapy (2020-2025): Beyond cytotoxic mechanisms.

Yoon Sungpil S, Cho Jae Youl JY

Ginsenosides from Panax plants have long been studied as potential anticancer agents. In earlier years, most research focused on a few well-known ginsenosides that showed strong direct cytotoxicity, such as Rg3 and Rh2. As a result, many other ginsenosides were considered less active and received limited attention. However, studies published between 2020 and 2025 indicate that several previously underexplored ginsenosides also exhibit meaningful anticancer activity. These compounds often do not function as strongly cytotoxic agents. Instead, they act through broader and more indirect mechanisms. Many regulate tumor metabolism, oxidative stress, immune responses, and drug resistance. Others enhance drug delivery or protect normal tissues from chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related toxicity. This review focuses on these emerging and underexplored ginsenosides, including protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type compounds (Rg1, Rg2, Rh1, Rh4, Re, Rf, and F1) and protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type compounds (Rg5, Rk1, F2, Rc, Rg6, Rb3, Rb2, and Rp1). We summarize recent studies according to cancer type, treatment setting, and therapeutic role. Across these compounds, a consistent pattern emerges: their benefits arise mainly from supportive and regulatory functions rather than from direct cytotoxic effects. Overall, many ginsenosides appear more effective as combination partners or therapeutic adjuvants than as standalone anticancer drugs. Understanding these broader roles may help guide future research and clinical development of ginsenoside-based cancer therapies.

PMID 42719414
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PubMedMicrobiologyOpen2026-09-10

Adjuvant Antibacterial Effects of Mouriri Elliptica Against Clinical Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Strains.

Freire Talita Vilalva TV, Marques Ana Carolina de Freitas ACF, Gonçalves Valéria Dos Santos VDS, Moslaves Iluska Senna Bonfá ISB et al.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics represents a critical global health challenge, demanding urgent alternative strategies to manage infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A promising approach to address this problem involves the use of combination therapies, in which plant-derived natural products represent an important reservoir of bioactive compounds with the potential to act as effective adjuvants, restoring or enhancing antibiotic efficacy. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Mouriri elliptica (EME) leaves was investigated for its antimicrobial and synergistic potential. EME showed moderate inhibitory activity against both standard and MDR strains, with the most significant effect against A. baumannii (MIC 78.1-312.5 µg/mL). Synergistic interactions were observed with conventional antibiotics, particularly ciprofloxacin against K. pneumoniae, reducing MIC values up to fifteen-fold, and with ampicillin against E. coli and S. aureus. The extract also inhibited biofilm formation, with 68% inhibition for E. coli at 500 µg/mL and 72.04% for S. aureus at 250 µg/mL, with atomic force microscopy images corroborating these findings. LC-MS profiling identified 41 compounds, including chlorogenic acid derivatives, flavonoids, ellagic acid derivatives, and triterpenes. Acute toxicity evaluation in mice at 2000 mg/kg revealed no adverse effects. Collectively, these findings support the potential of M. elliptica as a natural antibacterial adjuvant for enhancing the effectiveness of selected antibiotics against MDR pathogens, warranting further chemical, mechanistic, and in vivo investigation.

PMID 42717400
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PubMedFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026-09-10

α-Terpineol reverses mcr-mediated colistin resistance and potentiates colistin's antibacterial activity in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli.

Li Yujuan Y, Yang Yi Y, Zhou Ting T, Zhou Jing J et al.

Amid the growing antibiotic resistance crisis, colistin remains a last-line therapeutic option for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, the emergence and rapid dissemination of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene (mcr) have markedly reduced its clinical effectiveness. Utilizing colistin adjuvants to restore its antibacterial potency is a promising strategy to combat this threat. In this study, we aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of α-terpineol in combination with colistin against colistin-resistant MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this synergy. In vitro synergistic activity was evaluated using checkerboard microdilution assays, time-kill curve analyses, and resistance development studies. Mechanistic insights were obtained through transcriptomic analysis and fluorescence-probe based assays. In vivo efficacy was validated using Galleria mellonella and mouse acute peritonitis infection models. The results showed that the combination of α-terpineol and colistin exhibited synergistic bactericidal activity and suppressed the development of colistin resistance. α-Terpineol increased inner- and outer-membrane fluidity in E. coli, thereby enhancing colistin uptake. Furthermore, it inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, preventing the conversion of O2 ·- to H2O2 and causing superoxide accumulation. Elevated O2 ·- levels damaged iron-sulfur clusters and impaired respiratory function. Together with the proton motive force (PMF) dissipation, these effects severely impaired ATP synthesis, ultimately sensitizing MDR E. coli to colistin. The combination also showed significant therapeutic efficacy in animal models. Our findings identify α-terpineol as a promising colistin adjuvant that restores antibacterial activity by disrupting membrane integrity and impairing antioxidant defenses, offering a viable strategy for treating MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections.

PMID 42718814
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PubMedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026-09-10

Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier modulation enhances T-cell access but requires immune activation for effective CNS immunity.

Gallus Marco M, Yamamichi Akane A, Arrieta Victor Andres VA, Nejo Takahide T et al.

Immunotherapy shows limited efficacy in brain tumours, where restricted immune access, antigenic heterogeneity and local immunosuppression constrain durable responses. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound with microbubbles (LIPU+MB) transiently modulates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is widely assumed to enhance immunotherapy by facilitating drug and immune cell penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). However, whether increased anatomical access alone is sufficient to generate effective CNS immunity remains unclear. Here, using a transgenic mouse model with astrocyte-restricted antigen expression, we showed that BBB modulation alone is insufficient to generate functional T-cell immunity in the CNS. Although LIPU+MB enabled rapid T-cell entry, accumulation required prior T-cell activation and integrin-dependent mechanisms, indicating that entry remains governed by canonical immune processes. Moreover, T-cells failed to persist owing to insufficient activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the CNS. Systemic immune adjuvants (poly-ICLC and IL-2; PI) induced APC activation, promoted tissue-resident-memory-like differentiation and supported durable T-cell responses. LIPU+MB further enhanced these responses by increasing T-cell recruitment, resulting in greater accumulation than with PI alone. Mechanistically, antigen presentation by bone marrow-derived APCs was more critical than that by microglia for the accumulation and persistence of antigen-specifc T-cells in the CNS. In antigenically heterogeneous glioma models resistant to CAR T-cell therapy, combining PI with BBB modulation enhanced the efficacy of immunotherapy, which was mirrored by prolonged survival and endogenous tumour-specific T-cell responses, consistent with epitope spreading. Together, these findings define key limitations of LIPU+MB in enabling effective T-cell therapy and establish that BBB modulation must be coupled to systemic immune activation to support T-cell-mediated antitumour immunity in the CNS.

PMID 42718384
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