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estradiol (E2III)

✓ Approved

Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. · ESR1 · 小分子

什么是 estradiol？

estradiol 是一种小分子，由Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Transdermal。

药物档案

商品名E2III
公司Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
药物类别小分子
分子靶点ESR1
给药途径Transdermal
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.

作用机制

分子靶点

estradiol 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

estradiol 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedNatural product reports2026-07-27

Ortho-alkyl phenylalkenoyl natural products: structural diversity, bioactivities and biosynthesis.

Huang Qianfei Q, Chen Xuxiang X, Ma Shuhong S, Li Zilin Z et al.

Covering: up to 2026.Ortho-alkyl phenylalkenoyl-containing natural products, including cinnamoyl-containing nonribosomal peptides (CCNPs) and ortho-alkyl phenylalkenoic acids (APAs), are structurally and biologically diverse bacterial metabolites that have become a major focus of natural product research. These metabolites exhibit broad bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antiangiogenic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and nematicidal effects. Biosynthetically, CCNPs and APAs share a conserved, highly reduced (HR) type II polyketide synthase (PKS)-derived framework, featuring characteristic isoenzymes (ISOs) and specialised cyclases that assemble the ortho-alkyl phenylalkenoyl core. They diverge fundamentally in pathway architecture: CCNPs contain NRPS-synthesised peptide backbones, whereas APAs lack NRPS components and possess expanded KS/CLF pairs. Biosynthetic studies have revealed novel mechanisms (e.g., isomerization, 6π-electrocyclisation) and multifunctional enzymes, providing valuable biocatalysts for synthetic biology. Although their biological activities depend strongly on structural context, emerging evidence highlights these metabolites as a promising source of lead compounds. Continued interdisciplinary efforts integrating natural product chemistry, biosynthesis, and medicinal chemistry are expected to unlock their therapeutic potential.

PMID 42507473
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PubMedJournal of functional biomaterials2026-07-27

Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printable Aligner Resins: An In Vitro Study with FTIR Chemical Characterization.

Serafin Marco M, Boccalari Elisa E, Borgese Marina M, Caprioglio Alberto A et al.

Directly printed aligners are advancing rapidly, but the mechanical behavior of the resins behind them is still only partly understood. This in vitro study compared the static flexural behavior, short-term stress relaxation, and FTIR profiles of five Class IIa-certified 3D-printable resins for direct orthodontic aligners. The five resins, TC-85, TA-28, DCA, Clear-A V2, and Ortho Flex, were printed as standardized rectangular bars and tested at 37 °C. Three-point bending to 1 mm deflection yielded the maximum flexural stress and the flexural modulus, while a 30 min hold at fixed deflection captured stress relaxation. FTIR added a qualitative chemical characterization. Differences between resins were substantial. DCA led on every static measure, pairing the highest flexural stress and modulus with the highest final relaxation modulus and the best stiffness retention. Clear-A V2 was also statically stiff but retained force only intermediately, whereas TC-85 combined high stiffness with pronounced relaxation. Ortho Flex performed modestly under static loading yet held on to a moderate fraction of its stiffness, and TA-28 relaxed the most. Directly printed aligner resins are mechanically heterogeneous, and static bending alone did not predict short-term force stability. Relaxation metrics should therefore accompany static testing whenever a resin is selected for a specific clinical purpose.

PMID 42506566
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PubMedJournal of personalized medicine2026-07-27

Hormones, Sexual Function, and Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Peixoto Clayton C, Navarro Melanie M, Carrilho Carolina Gomes CG, Grande Antonio José AJ et al.

Background: Sexual function in postmenopausal women is influenced by both hormonal and psychological factors. This study investigates the associations between sex hormones, sexual function, and sexual beliefs in this population. Objective: This research seeks to assess the relationship between sex hormones, sexual function, and dysfunctional sexual beliefs in postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 42 postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years. Instruments included the FSFI and SDBQ. Hormones assessed were testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, DHEA, SHBG, and LH. Blood samples were collected in the morning and analyzed using chemiluminescence or radioimmunoassay. Pearson correlation tests were used, with Bonferroni adjustment applied to control for multiple comparisons. Results: Free testosterone was positively correlated with sexual desire and negatively associated with dysfunctional beliefs regarding sexual desire. Estradiol also showed a positive correlation with desire, while prolactin was negatively associated. No other FSFI domains showed significant hormonal associations. Conclusions: Findings suggest that testosterone may influence both sexual desire and the internalization of dysfunctional sexual beliefs in postmenopausal women, highlighting the interplay between biological and psychological dimensions of sexuality, which may be relevant for a more comprehensive clinical assessment of sexual function in this population.

PMID 42506118
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PubMedDentistry journal2026-07-27

Estradiol Enhances Alveolar Bone Resorption by Promoting Osteoclast Differentiation in Experimental Periodontitis.

Yasuda Keisuke K, Matsuda Shinji S, Memida Takumi T, Yoshimoto Tetsuya T et al.

Background/Objectives: Estrogen is a key female hormone; however, its role in periodontitis remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on experimental periodontitis using an ovariectomy (OVX) model with E2 administration. Methods: Female mice aged 8-10 weeks underwent OVX, followed by induction of ligature-induced periodontitis, and subsequent quantification of alveolar bone resorption. Additional groups received an aromatase inhibitor or E2 supplementation after OVX, with subsequent induction of periodontitis and evaluation of bone resorption. Histological analysis assessed multinucleated giant cells and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts on the bone surface. Gingival tissue was analyzed for gene expression related to osteoclastogenesis. The effect of E2 on osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow cells was also examined. Results: OVX significantly reduced serum E2 levels and decreased alveolar bone resorption. Aromatase inhibitor administration similarly reduced bone loss. Histological evaluation revealed a reduced number of resorbing osteoclasts in OVX mice, whereas E2 supplementation increased osteoclast numbers. No significant changes in inflammatory cytokine or receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression were observed. E2 promoted osteoclast differentiation in vitro, and treatment with E2 prior to RANKL stimulation further increased the number of osteoclasts. This effect was suppressed by an estrogen receptor antagonist. Moreover, E2 enhanced the expression of osteoclast differentiation-associated genes in the presence of RANKL, an effect abolished by tamoxifen. Conclusions: E2 increased alveolar bone resorption in experimental periodontitis, likely by promoting osteoclast differentiation, independent of inflammatory cytokine or RANKL gene expression.

PMID 42505728
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PubMedMembranes2026-07-27

Bench-Scale Evaluation of Hydraulic Performance and Rejection of Bisphenol-A and Estradiol by Different Nanofiltration Membranes as a Post-Treatment Step at the Lago Norte WTP-Brasília/DF, Brazil.

Gonçalves Bianca Campos BC, Brandão Cristina Celia Silveira CCS, Morais Kollar Sara Regina SR

Emerging micropollutants in drinking water sources represents a growing challenge for water treatment systems. Bisphenol-A (BPA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) are endocrine disruptors widely detected in aquatic matrices that are not efficiently removed by conventional treatment. This study evaluated, at the bench scale, operational performance and rejection of BPA and E2 by three nanofiltration membranes-NFM1, NFM2 and NFM3-operating at 8 bar and using ultrafiltered water from the Lago Norte Water Treatment Plant (WTP), Brasília/DF, Brazil, spiked with both compounds at 150-250 µg/L, as the feed matrix. Hydraulic parameters, such as permeate flux and water permeability, were assessed alongside rejection. NFM1 exhibited the highest permeate fluxes (136.1 and 171.7 L/h·m2); however, it showed the lowest rejection (E2: 57-73%; BPA: 28-60%). The NFM2 membrane showed intermediate rejection behavior (E2: 86-89%; BPA: 67-91%) but presented the lowest permeate flux (51.2 to 63.3 L/h·m2). The NFM3 membrane presented the highest rejection and greatest operational stability (E2: 90-95%; BPA: 95-97%), with a permeate flux of 59.1 to 67.0 L/h·m2. Size exclusion was the predominant removal mechanism, though adsorption also contributed during the initial hours of operation. The results confirm a trade-off between permeate production and contaminant rejection, with no single membrane outperforming all others across all criteria.

PMID 42506207
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PubMedCureus2026-07-27

Sex-Specific Mechanisms of Central Sensitization: A Narrative Review of the Neuroimmune Architecture of Chronic Pain.

Andrade Pereira Diogo D

Chronic pain disproportionately affects women, yet analgesic development has been built predominantly on male biological substrates, reflecting a now-refuted assumption of biological symmetry that excluded female subjects from preclinical investigation. Central sensitization, the pathological amplification of central nervous system signalling that produces pain hypersensitivity, is increasingly recognized as a sex-dependent neuroimmune phenomenon with distinct cellular and molecular signatures in males and females. This narrative review, prepared in accordance with the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), synthesizes evidence challenging the "one-size-fits-all" paradigm and proposes a transition toward biological-sex-informed precision analgesia. In males, central sensitization is predominantly mediated by spinal microglial activation via the P2X4 receptor-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) axis, culminating in potassium-chloride cotransporter type 2 (KCC2) downregulation and GABAergic disinhibition. In females, it proceeds through spinal T-lymphocyte infiltration and direct pro-excitatory actions of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α on dorsal horn neurons, a pathway largely refractory to microglial-targeted intervention. Gonadal steroids act as neuroimmune modulators: 17β-estradiol amplifies central excitability, whereas testosterone is antinociceptive. Epigenetic mechanisms consolidate these signals into durable transcriptional programs that sustain sensitization after injury resolves. The failure of microglial-targeted therapies in female-predominant cohorts reflects a sex-mismatched strategy. Inclusion of biological sex as a primary variable in pain research and practice is both a scientific and ethical imperative.

PMID 42504361
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