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mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR / Adderall, Microtrol / MAS XR)

✓ Approved

Shire · SLC18A2 · 小分子

什么是 mixed amphetamine salts extended release？

mixed amphetamine salts extended release 是一种小分子，由Shire研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)。

药物档案

商品名Adderall XR, Adderall, Microtrol, MAS XR
公司Shire
药物类别小分子
分子靶点SLC18A2
给药途径Oral (PO)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

作用机制

分子靶点

mixed amphetamine salts extended release 作用于 1 个分子靶点：

SLC18A2solute carrier family 18 member A2 (SVMT, VAT2)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

mixed amphetamine salts extended release 针对 1 个适应症，涉及 1 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Psychiatric disordersAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder✓ Approved

相关研究文献

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Brixadi for Stimulant Use Disorder: Evolving Pharmacologic Considerations and Clinical Implications.

Sawaya M Farris MF, McNulty Molly E ME, Germain Collin J St CJS, Hachem Ibraheem A IA et al.

Substance use disorders are an increasing concern globally, causing a tremendous uptick in public health burden in recent years. Despite the growing attention these disorders receive, there remain no approved pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorder, thereby contributing a major portion of this burden. This review examines the potential use of Brixadi, an extended-release injectable formulation of the widely used pharmacotherapy buprenorphine, indicated for opioid use disorder, in the treatment of stimulant use disorder. Psychostimulants, including cocaine, methamphetamine, and designer stimulants, all exert their effects by inhibiting or reversing the directionality of the monoamine transporters in the synaptic cleft. Inhibition or reversal of these transporters in the synaptic cleft allows dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine to remain in the synapse, which ultimately enhances their activity and contributes to the reinforcement of substance use. The reinforcement loop driven by excess neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine, provides a pharmacotherapeutic target via receptor interactions. Brixadi is an injectable extended-release buprenorphine primarily used to treat opioid use disorder. The extended-release mechanism enables sustained drug-receptor interaction, resulting in stable plasma drug concentrations. Buprenorphine is as a dual-acting agent, a partial μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist. KOR antagonism modulates symptoms of withdrawal in OUD, including dysphoria, stress, and drug cravings. Therefore, Brixadi's KOR antagonism may offer a promising pharmacologic target for stimulant use disorder recovery by mitigating these negative affective states. Additionally, the bimodal mechanism suggests that Brixadi may be a beneficial pharmacologic candidate for people who suffer from polysubstance use involving opioids and psychostimulants. While there is promise behind these developments, current studies are limited to preclinical trials and have not yet advanced toward clinical trials. However, Brixadi's extended-release profile and potential capability to minimize withdrawal-related dysphoria and stress-induced drug seeking present promise for further clinical investigation.

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PubMedAAPS PharmSciTech2026-09-10

Correlative Spectroscopic and Structural Imaging for Resin-Embedded Extended-Release Morphine Sulfate Pellets.

Zaker Yeakub Y, Ahmed Snober S, Tian Li L, Yilmaz Huzeyfe H et al.

Correlative spectroscopic and structural imaging provides a powerful approach for characterizing the microstructure of complex pharmaceutical formulations. Laser direct infrared (LDIR) spectroscopy is an emerging, rapid spectroscopic imaging technique that complements traditional approaches by enabling non-destructive chemical and morphological analysis over large sample surfaces within minutes. In this study, the capabilities of LDIR imaging were evaluated alongside Raman mapping, SEM-EDS, laser microscopy, and micro-CT as part of a correlative workflow to characterize the microstructure and chemical composition of pharmaceutical pellets. Resin embedding enabled consistent handling and structural preservation of extended-release pharmaceutical pellets across all imaging modalities. Two commercially available morphine sulfate ER pellets (ER-1 and ER-2) with different excipient compositions were used as model systems. Laser microscopy revealed distinct differences in surface topography, while micro-CT performed before milling confirmed inherent structural features. ER-1 displayed a smooth, intact core, whereas ER-2 exhibited internal cracks and cavities. Hyperspectral LDIR imaging successfully identified major components in both formulations (hit-quality index, HQI ≥ 0.83) with strong concordance to Raman mapping (HQI ≥ 0.85). The spatial distribution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) revealed a layered structure in ER-1 and a homogeneous core in ER-2. This correlative workflow, combining resin embedding with multiple imaging modalities, underscores the value of LDIR and complementary techniques for comprehensive physicochemical characterization of complex drug products. These findings highlight the utility of correlative imaging for regulatory assessment and quality control of complex extended-release formulations.

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Enhanced Solubility of Famotidine through Salification.

Eilers Jane M JM, Seo Payton P, Ma Liulei L, Kelley Steven P SP et al.

Famotidine (FMT) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient that exhibits poor aqueous solubility and poor permeability. Molecular electrostatic potential and pK a calculations were used to guide a salification strategy for FMT and afforded five salts featuring carboxylic acid-containing coformers. All solids feature charge-assisted hydrogen bonds between the guanidinium group of FMT and carboxylate of the coformer. All salts exhibited good thermal and benchtop stability, and a six- to 20-fold increase in aqueous solubility was achieved, depending on the coformer used. The best performing salts include coformers on the FDA's generally recognized as safe list, making the solids promising for pharmaceutical applications.

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Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, Virtual Reality, and Extended Reality Applications in Personalized Oncology and Patient-Centered Cancer Care: A Narrative Review.

Velraj Malarkodi M, Mani Deepalakshmi D, Parthasarathy Arun Kanniyappan AK, Murugesan Vijayakumar V et al.

Extended reality (XR) technologies, including augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR), are an appealing technology in clinical oncology. This narrative review evaluates the current evidence of XR applications throughout the cancer care continuum in terms of the clinical implementation, patient outcome, and the relevance of the practice to practicing clinical oncologists. A literature search on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (January 2015-December 2025) was conducted at the right time to select the articles related to AR, VR, MR, XR, and cancer/oncology. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical implementation studies were given priority. VR contains the strongest evidence base in which 15 RCTs meta-analysis (n = 864) found large reductions in the level of anxiety related to chemotherapy (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -1.40) among adult patients with cancer and fatigue (SMD = -3.85). Cancer-related pain (SMD = -0.86, 95% CI: -1.89 to -0.85, p < 0.001) affected significantly VR interventions as well when implemented in 28 RCTs. In hepatic, glioma, and gastrointestinal tumor resection, AR-guided surgical navigation has been clinically workable, and prospective research has indicated that it is capable of better tumor localization. Depression (SMD = -1.86, p < 0.001) was also reduced. The 3D holographic visualization with the help of MR enables the treatment planning of the multidisciplinary type. The XR technologies possess immense potential in the field of personalized oncology. The sphere of VR-based supportive care intervention is clinically prepared, and still the uses of AR and MR in surgical oncology require confirmation of multicenter trials. Standardization of the protocols, cost-effectiveness studies and its integration into the clinical processes are yet to remain on the list of the top priorities.

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PubMedFrontiers in psychology2026-09-10

Beyond standardized measures: a mixed-methods pilot study of integrated non-cognitive skills training in German upper secondary students.

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Non-cognitive skills such as growth mindset, grit, self-discipline, self-efficacy, and resilience have been identified as modifiable psychological resources supporting academic functioning, yet few interventions address multiple non-cognitive skills simultaneously and evidence for integrated programs remains limited. This pilot study examined the feasibility and preliminary effects of a 1-day training addressing all five constructs among German upper secondary school students across Kirkpatrick's four evaluation levels. Using a quasi-experimental mixed-methods design, n EG = 41 eleventh-graders participated in a 1-day, six-lesson training; n CG = 46 served as controls. Quantitative measures included five self-report scales, a knowledge test, grade records, and 3-month transfer ratings (n FU = 17). Immediately after the training, all n EG = 41 participants were invited to volunteer for an interview; 10 volunteers were randomly selected and interviewed 1 month later. All had completed the pretest and posttest assessments. Participants rated the training positively and showed high knowledge scores at posttest; ratings of perceived application and usefulness were substantially lower at follow-up than at posttest, although the two administrations differed in framing; and neither the targeted constructs nor academic grades changed significantly, consistent with limited statistical power. Qualitative findings extended these results: participants reported deeper conceptual learning, revised attributional beliefs, and selectively maintained self-regulatory strategies. Overall, integrated non-cognitive skills training proved feasible within the regular school schedule, but qualitative and quantitative data yielded partially different conclusions, with interviews revealing continued strategy use and conceptual learning that standardized measures did not capture. The pronounced decline in perceived transfer highlights the need for booster sessions or curricular integration to sustain effects, and the observed effect sizes provide a foundation for planning adequately powered confirmatory trials.

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Dual-State Programmable Oxide Transistor for Time-Based Cryptography.

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As conventional digital computing becomes increasingly constrained by scalability and energy-efficiency limits, computing based on intrinsic physical dynamics of devices has emerged as a promising alternative. In this context, three-terminal devices have attracted attention because their additional terminal offers greater flexibility for implementing higher-order dynamics than two-terminal devices. Here, we present a dual-state programmable oxide transistor (DUPOT) that exhibits a previously unreported form of high-dimensional dynamical behavior with both the threshold voltage (Vth) and the saturation current (Isat) independently tunable. Additionally, the programmed Vth state exhibits long-term memory (LTM) characteristics, whereas the Isat state shows short-term memory (STM) behavior, enabling more complex computing functionalities. We elucidate its operating mechanisms and demonstrate robustness, and further showcase its use in time-based cryptography, which fully exploits its rich dynamical behavior. Our array-level demonstration supports diverse forms of time-based cryptography, including time-release encryption and time-bound encryption, and can be extended to cloud cryptographic systems, marking a new milestone in the study of computing devices with higher-order dynamics.

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