北京若生智能科技有限公司
Drug Database
SP

spironolactone

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · NR3C2 · 小分子

什么是 spironolactone？

spironolactone 是一种小分子，由Pfizer, Inc.研发。该药已获批，用于治疗相关适应症，给药途径：Oral (PO)。

药物档案

公司Pfizer, Inc.
药物类别小分子
分子靶点NR3C2, SCNN1A
给药途径Oral (PO)
状态Approved
来源： ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

作用机制

分子靶点

spironolactone 作用于 2 个分子靶点：

NR3C2nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2VIT, MR)
SCNN1Asodium channel epithelial 1 subunit alpha (SCNEA, BESC2)
需要更深入的分析？Noah AI 可解释复杂机制并与同类药物比较。

治疗适应症

spironolactone 针对 3 个适应症，涉及 3 个治疗领域。

治疗领域疾病/病症分期
Cardiac disordersCardiac failure✓ Approved
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved
General disorders and administration site conditionsOedema due to cardiac disease✓ Approved

相关研究文献

PubMedHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-27

Association of Oral Health Literacy and Oral Health Knowledge with Risk Behaviors and Self-Rated Oral Health Among Chinese Dental Patients: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou.

Yu Jiali J, Ji Zhe Z, Jiang Rui R, Islam Rafiqul R et al.

Background: This study investigated the associations of oral health literacy and oral health knowledge with oral health-related behaviors and self-rated oral health among Chinese dental patients attending a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, China. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 323 adult dental patients from 1 December 2025 to 28 February 2026. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, oral health literacy, oral health knowledge, risk behaviors, preventive oral-health practices, and self-rated oral health. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha analysis, Spearman's rank correlation, multiple linear regression, and ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Participants demonstrated relatively high levels of oral health literacy and oral health knowledge. Oral health literacy was positively correlated with oral health knowledge (ρ = 0.602, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with risk behaviors (ρ = -0.238, p < 0.001). Ordinal logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher risk behavior scores were significantly associated with lower odds of reporting better self-rated oral health (Estimate = -0.104, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age (β = 0.180, p = 0.001), oral health literacy (β = -0.355, p < 0.001), and oral health knowledge (β = 0.199, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with risk behavior scores. Higher risk behavior scores were independently associated with poorer self-rated oral health (β = -0.214, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Chinese dental patients demonstrated satisfactory levels of oral health literacy and oral health knowledge. Higher oral health literacy was associated with fewer oral health-related risk behaviors, while greater engagement in risk behaviors was associated with poorer self-rated oral health.

PMID 42940489
阅读全文 →
PubMedNursing open2026-10-27

Nursing-Led Oral Health Literacy Intervention and Changes in Dental Anxiety and Oral Health Behaviours Among Geriatric Patients With Dental Diseases: A Non-Randomized One-Group Pretest-Posttest Study.

Gamaa Abeer Ramadan Awade ARA, Atta Mohamed Hussein Ramadan MHR, Elsehrawy Mohamed Gamal MG, AbouZeid Nesreen AbdelMonaem AbdelSataar NAA et al.

To assess within-group changes in dental anxiety, oral health knowledge and oral health behaviours following an oral health literacy intervention among older adults with dental diseases. A non-randomized one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. A convenience sample of 50 older adults participated in seven educational sessions addressing oral health, oral hygiene, nutrition, regular dental attendance and strategies for managing dental anxiety. Data were collected using the Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination, a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Oral Health Knowledge Scale, the Short Dental Anxiety Inventory and an oral healthcare behaviours questionnaire. Following the intervention, participants had lower dental anxiety scores and higher oral health knowledge and oral health behaviour scores compared with baseline. Higher oral health knowledge was also associated with more favourable oral health behaviours. Lower dental anxiety and higher oral health knowledge and oral health behaviour scores were observed following the oral health literacy intervention among older adults with dental diseases. Because the study used a non-randomized single-group design, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Gerontological nurses can integrate oral health education and simple dental-anxiety management strategies into routine care to support preventive oral health practices and engagement with dental services. Dental anxiety and limited oral health knowledge can hinder preventive dental care in later life. Following the intervention, participants had lower dental anxiety scores and higher oral health knowledge and oral health behaviour scores compared with baseline. The findings may inform nursing care for older adults in outpatient, primary care, community and long-term care settings. The study was reported in accordance with the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs statement. Participants contributed study data but were not involved in the design, analysis, interpretation or manuscript preparation.

PMID 42934862
阅读全文 →
PubMedInternational journal of molecular sciences2026-10-27

Oral Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria and Nitric Oxide Homeostasis: Functional Host-Microbe Interactions in Oral and Vascular Health.

Altamura Serena S, Lombardi Francesca F, Ciafarone Alessia A, Palumbo Paola P et al.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key regulator of vascular homeostasis and host-microbe interactions. In addition to the endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway, the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway provides an alternative source of NO and critically depends on oral nitrate-reducing bacteria (ONRB). This review examines the oral microbiome-NO axis and its role in nitrate metabolism, NO homeostasis, and oral-systemic interactions. A narrative review integrating microbiological, mechanistic, and clinical evidence on oral nitrate metabolism, ONRB activity, and their impact on oral and systemic outcomes, including dietary and antiseptic interventions. The functional activity and nitrate-reducing capacity of the oral microbiome are key determinants of nitrate reduction and systemic NO bioavailability. Oral dysbiosis, periodontal disease, and antiseptic mouthwash use impair ONRB activity and nitrite production, potentially affecting vascular function and blood pressure. Conversely, dietary nitrate enhances ONRB activity and nitrate-to-nitrite conversion, supporting oral and vascular health. Interindividual variability, partly influenced by sex-related factors, may contribute to heterogeneous responses. The oral microbiome-NO axis represents a functional interface between host physiology and microbial metabolism, linking oral ecology with vascular regulation. Through their activity, ONRB contribute to NO homeostasis, highlighting nitrate bioactivation as an important component of host-microbe interactions with implications for oral and systemic physiology. Recognition of this pathway expands current understanding of host-microbe cooperation in NO homeostasis and may inform future microbiome-based approaches to support oral and cardiovascular health.

PMID 42941787
阅读全文 →
PubMedJournal of dental research2026-10-27

Oral Irrigation and Microbiome Remodeling after Oral Cancer Reconstruction.

Zhang J J, Li P P, Wu H H, Zhang Z Z et al.

Patients with oral cancer undergoing free flap reconstruction face significant surgical trauma, making the prevention of postoperative wound infection and the maintenance of oral microecological balance critical. This study systematically evaluated oral microbiome changes before and after surgery and assessed the effectiveness of postoperative oral irrigation using 2 different regimens. In an exploratory randomized controlled trial, 60 patients were assigned to receive oral irrigation with either bipolar water or a combination of hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate solution. Saliva and irrigation samples were collected at 7 time points, preoperatively and before and 5 minutes after oral irrigation on postoperative days 1, 4, and 7, and analyzed using specialized sequencing techniques to determine microbial abundance and diversity. Clinical outcomes, including wound infection rates and patient comfort, were also recorded. The results indicated that surgical treatment reduced the diversity of the oral microbiota and altered its composition. Before surgery, the oral cavity was dominated by potentially pathogenic taxa, which shifted toward oral resident microorganisms postoperatively. Continued oral irrigation promoted a transition from an unstable, anaerobic-enriched state toward a relatively stable community structure dominated by facultative anaerobes. While no differences were observed between the 2 groups regarding wound infection rates or microbial composition, the bipolar water group reported higher patient comfort and required shorter irrigation times. Furthermore, the bipolar water group maintained more stable microbial diversity, whereas the hydrogen peroxide group exhibited more pronounced fluctuations and higher fungal detection rates. In conclusion, surgery induces early microbial imbalance, but staged oral irrigation facilitates the stabilization of the oral microecosystem. Bipolar water is an effective alternative for perioperative care, helping to maintain microbial stability while improving the patient experience.

PMID 42934883
阅读全文 →
PubMedHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026-10-27

Assessment of Professional Oral Hygiene Care Needs Among Adolescents in Southeastern Serbia: A Clinical and Questionnaire-Based Study.

Stojanović Ana A, Stojković Branislava B, Veličković Zorana Z, Jovanović Aleksandra A et al.

Background/Objectives: Adolescence is an important period for the development and consolidation of oral hygiene habits that may continue to influence oral health-related behaviors into adulthood. Inadequate oral hygiene may contribute to impaired gingival health and increased need for professional oral hygiene care. The aim of this study was to assess the need for professional oral hygiene care among adolescents in southeastern Serbia by evaluating their oral hygiene practices, oral hygiene status, and gingival health. Methods: This cross-sectional study included adolescents aged 14-18 years from southeastern Serbia. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing oral hygiene practices, combined with a clinical examination of oral hygiene status using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and gingival health using the Gingival Index (GI). The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis. Results: A total of 150 patients met the criteria for this study. The mean OHI-S and GI scores were 1.57 ± 0.87 and 1.80 ± 0.96, respectively. A total of 28.67% of participants reported gum bleeding during toothbrushing. During the 12 months preceding the study, 82% of respondents had received professional oral hygiene care only once. A statistically significant correlation was found between the GI and OHI (rs = 0.769, p < 0.001). OHI values were significantly inversely correlated with both the frequency and duration of oral hygiene (rs = -0.188, p = 0.022 and rs = -0.186, p = 0.023, respectively). Univariate regression analysis identified oral hygiene frequency and gum bleeding as the most significant factor associated with gingivitis. The multivariate model showed that the GI was significantly associated with gender (p = 0.025), brushing twice daily (p = 0.038), gum bleeding (p = 0.003), and brushing technique (p = 0.037). Conclusions: Relatively high GI values were observed and significantly correlated with OHI-S scores, while toothbrushing frequency, gum bleeding, gender, and brushing technique were associated with the GI. These findings suggest a potential role for professional oral hygiene care and oral health education in supporting gingival health among adolescents in southeastern Serbia.

PMID 42940434
阅读全文 →
PubMedNutrients2026-10-27

Potential Role of Oral Nitrate Bioactivation in Interindividual Exercise Responses to Dietary Nitrate: A Narrative Review.

Zhao Zhengxin Z, Lai Zheng Z, Zhao Shengwei S, Li Wenli W et al.

Background: Equivalent doses of dietary nitrate often yield highly heterogeneous exercise responses across individuals. Efficient enterosalivary nitrate-to-nitrite conversion is dependent on oral commensal bacteria, representing a critical upstream step that may drive downstream variability in biomarker profiles and exercise outcomes. This review evaluates whether variation at the oral bioactivation step helps account for differences in downstream biomarkers and exercise performance. Methods: We conducted a structured narrative review of PubMed and Web of Science covering 1 January 2006 to 31 March 2026 using predefined keywords related to dietary nitrate, oral bioactivation, oral microbiota, enterosalivary pathway, and exercise performance. Human supplementation trials, antibacterial mouthwash perturbation studies, investigations evaluating oral function, and supporting case-report and preclinical evidence were included when they linked nitrate exposure, oral microbial activity or salivary nitrite kinetics, and physiological or exercise performance outcomes. Results: Oral bacteria are essential contributors to efficient enterosalivary nitrate-to-nitrite conversion. Associations between oral function and nitrite availability, as well as selected physiological measures, are reasonably consistent. However, direct evidence linking oral function to athlete performance remains sparse. No athlete trial identified in the present search has concurrently measured oral function, tracked serial nitrate/nitrite kinetics, and paired these data with a reliable performance test and prespecified mediation analysis. A rise in salivary nitrite therefore confirms engagement of the enterosalivary pathway, but it does not reliably identify an ergogenic responder. Current evidence does not yet allow quantitative estimation of how much between-person performance variability is attributable to oral bioactivation. Conclusions: Oral nitrate-reducing function remains a biologically plausible modifier of exercise responses, but it is not a validated predictive biomarker. Integrated athlete trials are needed to trace the full pathway from nitrate exposure to performance outcomes and to quantify within-person and between-person variation.

PMID 42942886
阅读全文 →

注册免费账户还可查看另外 9996 篇文献

免费注册查看全部文献 →

了解更多spironolactone